1. Streams and Rivers

2. Streams A body of water with a current, and is smaller than a river
When joined, they form a bigger body of water either flowing or nonflowing water ecosystem.
Lakes
Ponds
Inland wetlands
Rivers

3. Rivers A body of water with a current and is larger than streams
The volume of water it carries is larger than the volume of water streams carry.

4. TERMS
Tributary
Watershed

5. Watershed
A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place.

6. Watershed Closed watershed Open watershed Multiple open watershed
 empties into an inland body of water
Open watershed
empties to the ocean
Multiple open watershed
empties into the ocean through more than one mouth

7. Tributary
A tributary is a stream that flows into a larger stream or other bodies of water.
A contributory stream, or a stream which does not reach the sea but joins another river.

8. Rivers
The rivers are classified on the basis of the sediments it carries

9. Course of a River

10. Upper Course Where the river begins
Many smaller streams join up to form larger streams
Several streams join up to form a river
Narrow and v-shaped river channel
Steep gradient

11. Middle Course River starts to meander
More tributaries joining the river
Wider river channel than upper course
Gentler gradient as compared to upper course

12. Lower Course Meanders are common
Distributaries distribute water away from the river to the sea
Wider river channel than middle course
High volume of water
Gentle gradient

13. Three main types of rivers
Youthful River - A youthful river has a steep gradient and very few tributaries. A youthful river is bound to flow quickly and swiftly. Mature River - A mature river is less steep and flows slowly compared to the youthful river. There are many tributaries that feed a mature river. The sediment deposit is also less. Old River - An old river has a low gradient and is depended on flood plains is known as old river.

14. Youthful Mature Old

15. Where are rivers located?
Rivers are found anywhere in the world except in antarctica.

16. Top 3 longest rivers in the world
The longest river in the world is the Nile River (4,157 miles long); it is located in northeastern Africa, and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

17. The second-longest river is the Amazon River (3,915 miles long); it is located in northeastern South America, and flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

18. The third-longest river is the Chang (Yangtse) River (3,434 miles long); it flows across south- central China into the East China Sea.

19. AMAZON
- 12th order stream, the highest rank possible in the stream order system.

20. STREAMS

21. Three main types of streams:
Ephemeral streams
regularly exist for short periods of time, usually during a rainy period.
Intermittent streams
flow at different times of the year, or seasonally, when there is enough water from either rainfall, springs, or other surface sources.
Perennial streams
streams that flow year-round.

22. The tributaries (streams) are identified by their stream order, denoted by its position in the system.
Stream Order
Characteristics
First Order
not connected to any other tributaries
Second Order
connected to one other stream/tributary
Third Order
joining of two second order streams

23. First-order stream

24. Second-order stream

25. Third order stream

27. ABIOTIC FACTORS Precipitation Current Landscape Temperature
formation of streams and rivers.
Amount of precipitation determines which type
Current
determine the substrate at the bottom
Landscape
determine direction
Temperature
Affects the organisms
Reproduction
Different organisms reproduce at different temperatures

28. ABIOTIC FACTORS
Trout will not reproduce below 3 degrees and ideally between 5 and 16 degrees.

29. ABIOTIC FACTORS
Carp reproduce best above 20 degrees.

30. Biotic Factors

31. Plant adaptations Broad leaves Air Spaces
decrease density and increase buoyancy
Broad leaves
spread their weight more evenly across the water surface allowing them to float

32. Waxy cuticle Strong holdfast
allow water to run off the surface preventing the weight of the water from dragging the leaves under the surface
Strong holdfast
Used by water mosses (Fontinalis) and heavily branched filamentous algae to cling on to rocks

33. Cushion like colonies or closely appressed sheets that are covered with a slippery gelatinous coating

34. Animal adaptations Streamlined form
Offers less resistance to water current
Extremely flattened and broad bodies, flat limbs
Allow the current to flow over the bodies of some larval forms
Brook trout
Pearl dace

35. Snails and planarians
Attached themselves to sticky under surfaces allowing them to cling tightly and move about on stones and rubble in the current.

36. Four major groups of inhabitants (according to feeding habits)
Shredders
Feed on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM)
CPOM – mostly leaves that fall into the stream and are softened by water and colonized by bacteria and fungi.
Casemaker caddisfly

37. Filtering and gathering collectors
Feed on the fine particulate organic matter (FPOM)
FPOM – leaves that are broken down by the shredders, partially decomposed by microbes, and invertebrate feces that drift downstream and settle on the stream bottom.
Freshwater mussels
Gougers
Invertebrates that burrow into water-logged limbs and trunks of fallen trees

38. Grazers
Another group that feed on the algal coating of stones and rubble
Water penny

39. Human impact Draining of rivers and streams
The now dry Colorado River delta branches into the Baja/Sonoran desert just five miles north of the Sea of Cortez, Mexico. Photo by Peter McBride

40. Water diversion and regulation of flows due to dams.
Principal reasons why dams are built:
Flood protection
Recreation
Industrial purposes
Electricity
Water supply
Political reason

41. Water is released from the Glen Canyon dam.

42. Impacts of dams on streams
 traps the suspended and dissolved load, starving the area downstream of sediment and nutrients
 a barrier to any aquatic life going up or down stream, which can prevent aquatic life from mating and reduce the diversity of wildlife upstream

44. Flood Control: Channelization Artificial leevee
Channelization: Straightening out the meanders of a stream to for a straight line, or smoothing out the natural levee by replacing it with concrete flood walls.
Artificial Levees: Artificially raising the height of a natural levee.
Channelization
Artificial leevee

45. Urbanization
When houses or businesses are built in a floodplain, they get flooded.
Increases runoff into streams, which further increases the chances of flooding