1. Chapter Eleven: Water

2. Section One: Water Resources
The Water Cycle

3. Section One: Water Resources
Global Water Distribution
71% of Earth’s surface is covered in water, but only 3% of that is freshwater
And 77% of that freshwater is frozen in glaciers and the polar ice caps
Surface Water
Surface Water: freshwater on Earth’s land surface
River Systems and Watersheds

4. Section One: Water Resources
River Systems
River system: a flowing network of water moving across land
Water comes from melting snow and rain
Watersheds
Watersheds: the area of land that is drained by a river

5. Section One: Water Resources
Groundwater
Groundwater: water beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations
Water table: the area where rocks and soil are saturated with water
Aquifers: the underground formation that contains groundwater
Porosity: the percentage of the total volume of a rock that has spaces or pores
Permeability: the ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it

6. Section One: Water Resources

7. Section One: Water Resources
Groundwater
The Recharge Zone
An area of the earth’s surface from which water percolates ( or penetrates) down into an aquifer
Pollution can enter the water system through the recharge zone
Wells
Where a hole is dug or drilled to reach groundwater
If the water table falls, the well will dry up

8. Section Two: Water Use and Management
Residential Water Use

9. Section Two: Water Use and Management
Residential Water Use
Water treatment
Most water must be treated to be potable, or safe to drink
Treatment removes elements which can be poisonous to humans
Also removes pathogens, which are organisms that cause illness or disease

10. Section Two: Water Use and Management
Industrial Water Use and Agricultural Use
Industry
Uses 19%
Most used to cool power plants
Agriculture
Uses 67%
Irrigation is the main usage

11. Section Two: Water Use and Management
Water Management Projects
Water Diversion Projects
Supplies water to dry regions by building canals
Dams and Reservoirs
Dam: a structure built across a river to control the river’s flow
Reservoir: an artificial lake formed by a dam

12. Section Two: Water Use and Management
Water Conservation
In Agricuture
Drip irrigation systems
In Industry
Recycling and cooling of wastewater
At Home
Water saving technology
Ex. Low flow toilets and shower heads
Water lawns at night

13. Section Two: Water Use and Management
Solutions for the Future
Desalination
The process of removing salt from salt water
Transporting water

14. Section Three: Water Pollution
Water Pollution: the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water
Point Source Pollution
Pollution discharged from a single source
Example: leaking septic tanks
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Comes from many different sources that are often difficult to identify
Example: oil and gasoline from boats

15. Section Three: Water Pollution
Wastewater
Water that contains waste from homes or industries
Treated to make it clean enough to return to the rivers and lake
Sewage sludge: the solid material that remains after wastewater treatment
Usually burned and then buried

16. Section Three: Water Pollution
Artificial Eutrophication
Eutrophication caused by humans
Inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus enter the water through sewage and runoff
Can come from farms, homes through detergents
Causes algal blooms

17. Section Three: Water Pollution
Thermal Pollution
The temperature of a body of water increases
Can be caused by power plants using the water in their cooling systems and discharge warm water
Causes huge fish kills
Decreases oxygen levels in the water

18. Section Three: Water Pollution
Groundwater Pollution
When pollutants go down into the earth and contaminate the water under the ground
Caused by pesitcides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers, and petroleum products
Leaking underground tanks

19. Section Three: Water Pollution
Ocean Pollution
Ships can legally dump wastewater and garbage in some parts of the ocean
Most pollutants come from activities on land
Oil spills

20. Section Three: Water Pollution
Water Pollution and Ecosystems
Causes immediate damage and gradual damage
Biomagnification
Buildup of pollutants at higher levels of the food chain

21. Section Three: Water Pollution
Cleaning Up Water Pollution
Clean Water Act of 1972
Cuyahoga River Fire
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
Oil Pollution Act of 1990