1. JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH
LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLES –
Austrian Results
in an International Context
Gerfried Jungmeier
Conference on POWER ENGINEERING
May 14 – 16, 2013, Maribor, Slovenia
Fördergeber

2. Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric-Vehicles
Charging infrastructure
Additional
renewable
electricity
Monitoring:
Electricity, emissions
The consumer
Electric-vehicles
1) On the market available
2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

3. Statement on Environmental Assessment of Electric Vehicles
“There is international consensus that the environmental effects of electric vehicles can only be analyzed on the basis of
life cycle assessment (LCA)
including the production, operation and the end of life treatment of the vehicles”
“….and in comparison to conventional vehicles”

4. Assessment of LCA-Aspects over Full Value Chain
Primary Energy
Electricity production
Electricity grid
Charging infrastructure
Production
of vehicle
of battery
„End of life management“
Dismantling of vehicle
Electric vehicle
Transportation service

5. Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric-Vehicles
Charging infrastructure
Additional
renewable
electricity
Monitoring:
Electricity, emissions
The consumer
Electric-vehicles
1) On the market available
2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

6. All Types of Electricity Generation Have GHG Emissions
Source: Joanneum Research based on LCA

7. Additional Renewable Electricity Production and Electric Vehicles
Direct connection
Via storage
„Store in Grid“
Real loading modelling
How to connect?

8. Direct Use of Renewable Electricity for Loading of EVSPV
electricity from PV
electricity from wind

9. 100% of Electricity for Vehicle is Stored in Battery or Hydro Pump StoragePV
electricity from PV
Li-Ion Battery
Hydro Pump Storage
electricity from wind

10. GHG Emissions for Different Loading Strategies with Renewable Electricity

11. 100% of Renewable Electricity for EVs “Stored in the Power Grid”PV
substitution of natural gas CC power plant during the day, e.g. “lunch time”
η = < 100%
η = <100%
Additional electricity from coal power plant during night
1 kWh

12. “Real Loading Modeling” – e.g. 30% Direct PV Electricity
PV production
1 kWh
substitution of natural gas CC power plant
η = 90%
0.7 kWh
Saving
Direct PV loading
0,3 kWh
η = 90%
Indirect PV loading
0.7 kWh
Loading of EV
1 kWh
Production

13. Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric Vehicles
Charging infrastructure
Additional
renewable
electricity
Monitoring:
Electricity, emissions
The consumer
Electric-vehicles
1) On the market available
2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

14. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Vehicle Production
Source: ELEKTRA 2009

15. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electric Battery Vehicle
Battery key issues
Life time of battery
End of life – recycling
Main impacts of production: alumium, cathode material (cobalt, nickel)
Austrian grid mix:
53% hydro; 3.1% wind, 2.2% biomass,
22% natural gas, 1.1% oil, 14% coal, 4,6% nuclear
Source: ELEKTRA 2009

16. Summary and Outlook Additional Charging infrastructure renewable
electricity
Monitoring:
Electricity, emissions
The consumer
Electric-vehicles
1) On the market available
2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

17. The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency
Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars
300
Diesel
250
Electricity
UCTE mix
Electricity
natural gas
200
Greenhouse gas emissions
[g CO2-eq/km]
Biodiesel
rape*)
150
Ren-H2
hydro power
100
Electricity
hydro power 50
FT-Biodiesel
wood 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Fuel consumption [kWh/100km]
Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

18. The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency
Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars
Heating&cool-ing increases
electricity demand significantly
300
Diesel
250
Electricity
UCTE mix
Electricity
natural gas
200
Greenhouse gas emissions
[g CO2-eq/km]
Biodiesel
rape
150
Ren-H2
hydro power
100
Electricity
hydro power 50
FT-Biodiesel
wood 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Fuel consumption [kWh/100km]
Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

19. The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency
Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars
300
Diesel
250
Electricity
UCTE mix
Electricity
natural gas
200
Greenhouse gas emissions
[g CO2-eq/km]
Reduction -90%
Biodiesel
rape
150
Ren-H2
hydro power
100
Electricity
hydro power 50
FT-Biodiesel
wood 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Fuel consumption [kWh/100km]
Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

20. The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency
Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars
300
Diesel
250
Electricity
UCTE mix
Electricity
natural gas
200
Increase +30%
Greenhouse gas emissions
[g CO2-eq/km]
Biodiesel
rape
150
Ren-H2
hydro power
100
Electricity
hydro power 50
FT-Biodiesel
wood 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Fuel consumption [kWh/100km]
Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

21. IEA Hybrid&Electric Vehicles: 18 Countries in 9 Running Task
South Korea

22. resources to waste management of vehicles with an electric drivetrain
Task 19 (2012 – 2014)
Life Cycle Assessment
of Electric Vehicles -
From raw material
resources to waste management
of vehicles with an electric drivetrain

23. Our Activities: 2012 – 2014 April 25 – 26; 2013 Chicago/USA
Final event:
„Results of Annex“
April 25 – 26; 2013
Chicago/USA
Workshop IV: „LCA aspects of electricity
production,distribution and charging infrastructure“
Workshop III:
„End of life management“
December 7, 2012
Braunschweig/G
Workshop II: „LCA aspects of
battery and vehicle production“
Workshop I: „LCA metho-
dology and case studies“
Kick-off meeting
2012
2013
2014

24. LCA Based GHG Emissions of Battery Electric Vehicle
Unconventional shale oil&gas have higher GHG emissions
Fossil fueled vehicles (conventional sources)
Saving
> 35%
Source: own calcullation under
discussion of IEA HEV Task 19
With current average electricity mix

25. Summary
IEA HEV Task 19 is international Platform for Life Cycle Assessment of EVs
Consumer behaviour is essential on environmental benefits/impact of EVs
Electricity consumption of EVs must be optimized considering heating&cooling demand
Renewable electricity offers high environmental benefits for EVs with adequate loading strategies
Production and “end of life phase” relevant for EVs, but additional data for LCA are necessary
Environmental Assessment of EVs only possible on Life Cycle Assessment compared to conventional vehicles

26. Your Contact Gerfried Jungmeier
JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH.
RESOURCES – Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainability
Energy Research Group
Elisabethstraße 18
A-8010 Graz, AUSTRIA