1. TOK: A Quick Review
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2. Agenda Discuss what is coming
Review the three WOKs we have already discussed – emotion, perception, language
END GOAL – Remind yourself about the main ideas so that we can move on.

3. What’s Coming…
Work Days?
Still need them?
Start them this week?

4. What’s Coming Late Work?
I will grade everything handed in to me on/before January 17th

5. What’s Coming Last WOK – Reason
The Goal– Finish is by next Thursday (might be hard with a work day and day off…)

6. Language
”Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.” George Orwell
What does this quote mean?
Do you agree or disagree with it?
What are some examples from current events?
What other “types” of language are there?

7. Language
“Our language is a reflection of ourselves. A language is an exact reflection of the character and growth of its speakers.” –Cesar Chavez
Do you agree or disagree?
Would you choose different words if every word you spoke was tattooed on your body?
Can the same be said about emotion? Are your emotions a reflection of your character?

8. Emotion
“Your intellect may be confused, but your emotions will never lie to you.” Roger Ebert
What does this quote mean?
Do you agree or disagree with it?
Can you connect it to your perceptions of different current events?

9. Perception
“If ’seeing is believing’ what happened to taste, touch, sound, and smell? Did our creator really intend to favour sight over other senses? I don’t believe so.” Alex Morritt, Impromptu Scribe
Is sight the most reliable of our senses?

10. Perception
“Perception is reality to the one in the experience.” Danielle Bernock, Emerging with Wings: A True Story of Lies, Pain, and the Love That Heals
Can two people have different perceptions of the same event and still be correct?
Think: Current Events?

11. Intro To Reason
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12. Agenda Quote Reflection Introduction to Unit
End Goal – Is Reason the most reliable WOK?

13. Quote 1
“The head is always fooled by the heart.” –La Rochefoucauld ( )
What does this quote mean?
Do you agree with it? Disagree?
Examples: personal life, society, current events

14. Reason Reason is the “gatekeeper” to all of the other WOKS
Our perceptions need to make sense
Our intuitions are tested by reason
Our emotions are held in check
Our language is intentional

15. Reason
Reason is a part of our identity – we are rational animals (Personal/Philosophical)
Rational = sitting and thinking=reason=logic
Empirical=going and looking=perception=observation

16. Reason Empirical Rational Relies on observation and experience
Relies on logic and reasoning

17. The Power of Reason
Claim: We posses a quality of mind unmatched in nature
Few of us doubt that other creatures perceive and feel and act, but reason? In the same way? Doubtful.
Only our species argues with words to defend our opinions and reasons about our beliefs and their consequences.

18. Reason as meaning making
Instrumental Value of Reasoning – to make things cogent and clear
Personal Value – Society seems to have a ”craving” for sense and order
We do not like a mystery for too long
Because we search for the point of things, logic and reason consume our daily lives

19. Quote 2
“You do not reason a man out of something he was not reasoned into.” Jonathan Swift
What does this quote mean?
Where do you see evidence of this quote in our society? Current Events?

20. Quote 3
“I do not think, sir, you have any right to command me, merely because you are older than I, or because you have seen more of the world than I have; your claim to superiority depends on the use you have made of your time and experience.” Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre
How important are ”time and experience” when it comes to the WOKs? Do you get better and filtering them with time and experience?
What are some other factors that may improve your ability to filter WOKs?

21. Reason - Logic
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22. Agenda Deductive Reasoning as Logic Logic as Form
Practice Essay Question
End Goal- Is reason a reliable way of knowledge?

23. Deductive Reasoning as Logic
Difference between inductive and deductive reasoning
Deductive Reasoning:
Can be called logical
Demonstration of reasons linked to a conclusion
Not necessarily a demonstration of thinking (how people think is a matter for psychology; studying the correct reasoning is a matter of logic)

24. Logic as Form TOK Purpose:
Practical applications of deductive reasoning
Mostly as a way of prediction and justification

25. Logic as Form
Strength of deduction comes from its form, not its content
Bridge analogy

26. Logic as Form Syllogism
A form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed premises
Each premise shares a term with the conclusion
Each premise shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion
1- All dogs are animals. 2- All animals have four legs. Conclusion: All dogs have four legs.

27. Classic Syllogism - Valid
All men are mortal.
True Proposition/Major Premise
Socrates is a man.
True Proposition/Minor Premise
Socrates is mortal
Conclusion VALID

28. Classic Syllogism – INVALID
All men are mortal.
True Proposition/Major Premise
Socrates is mortal.
True Proposition/ Minor Premise
Socrates is a man.
Conclusion INVALID

29. Difference? The argument of the second has changed.
Therefore, you can see, it is the form, not the content
In the second one, the conclusion DID NOT NECESSARILY follow from the premises given.

30. VALID
INVALID
If I study, I will pass.
I studied.
Therefore, I passed.
If I study, I will pass.
I chose not to study.
Therefore, I did not pass

31. It can get more confusing..
Even if a premise (or both!) is not true, the conclusion can still be VALID

32. Example The moon is made of green cheese. My arm is part of the moon.
False proposition/major premise
My arm is part of the moon.
False proposition/minor premise
My arm is made of green cheese.
False proposition/ conclusion VALID

33. Logic as Form Format matters, not accuracy
The argument may be valid by form alone
“The upshot is that validity has its appeal independent of truth, which warns us to be wary of those dealing in lies, but winning the day through the power of logic.”

34. Logic as Form
“Just as the Devil can quote scripture in order to confound believers, so we should recognize that there are those who stand to gain by using logic to distort truth and spread lies.”

35. Practice Essay Title
Thinking is larger than reasoning and reasoning is larger than logic. Discuss.

36. WOK: Reason - Continued
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37. Agenda Based on Weekly Reflections, clear some things up
Inductive Reasoning
End Goal – How does reasoning work with other WOKs to help you gain knowledge

38. Weekly Reflection Clear Ups…
Valid does not equal true.
An argument can be valid based on its form
For what we did last week, you are not worried if the conclusion is true, you are thinking about its validity

39. Weekly Reflection Clear Ups..
Reasoning is like an umbrella – it is the larger term
Logic is a specific way to reason
Deductive Reasoning is a specific way to reason

40. Reasoning Last week = deductive Today = Inductive
FAR LESS COMLPICATED THAN DEDUCTIVE

41. Reasoning Deduction goes from general to particular
Major Premise to minor premise to conclusion
Induction goes from the particular to general

42. Inductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning is… Less technical Less formal
Less rule-governed
THUS – open to exception

43. Inductive Reasoning
Our inductive inferences (Generalizations) are only probable to a degree

44. Inductive Reasoning
The reasoning we use the most – but we do not even realize it
We add up our experiences and draw generalizations from them

45. Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is how we create our expectations of what the world will be like the next minute, the next day, or forever

46. Inductive Reasoning
Car/Red light example..

47. Inductive Reasoning
A generalization is only as strong as its ability to withstand exceptions
White Swan example
Scientists – they test the strengths of their findings to falsify them

48. Reasoning and Generalizations
Sloppy reasoning leads to stereotypes and fallacies

49. Sloppy Reasoning Mistakes of inductive reasoning:
Jumping to conclusion/hasty generalization
Ad hominem (against person, not position)
Post hoc (A occurs before B, therefore A is the cause of B)
Slippery Slope (extreme hypotheticals)
Appeal to pity (distract from truth by using pity)
False analogy (alike in 1 or 2 ways, must be alike in others)
Red Herring (a clue that is intended to be misleading)

50. Prescribed Essay
We are more likely to be mistaken in our generalizations than in our particular observations.
Agree?

51. WOK: Reason - Continued
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52. Agenda Discuss knowledge question pertaining to prescribed essay
Talk about induction/deduction together
Practice using and locating inductive/deductive reasoning
End Goal – Why is reason the gatekeeper to other WOKs?

53. Knowledge Question
With your partner, share out your knowledge question.
Together, choose the strongest. Make sure you can justify WHY it is the strongest. Make sure you can also connect back to TOK Essay Title.

54. Knowledge Questions
Let’s share out and evaluate/critique some of them

55. Deduction and Induction
Can deduction and induction work together? Do our minds shift between the two?

56. Deduction and Induction
Go back to the study/pass test example from last week
If I study, I will pass. I studied. Therefore, I passed

57. Deduction and Induction
With that example, you are using reason, perception, and memory all intertwined together
Hypo-deductive method – combines deductive and inductive methods
Used in science!

58. Hypo-deductive Method?
USING SCIENCE?
Major premise is a scientific law
When iron is exposed to oxygen, it rusts.
Minor Premise is an observed fact
This iron was exposed to oxygen.
Conclusion is a prediction or expectation
Therefore, it will rust.

59. Sooo…
Deductive reasoning is different from inductive reasoning
HOWEVER – they can work together. Especially when YOU are creating a premise

60. Exercise 1 It’s snowing, so school will be closed tomorrow.
What is the missing first premise?

61. Exercise 1
First Premise: When it snows, school closes. It’s snowing, so school will be closed.

62. Exercise 2 When it snows, schools closes. And sure enough it closed.
What is the missing premise?

63. Exercise 2
When it snows, school closes. It is snowing. And sure enough it closed.

64. Exercise 3 When it snows, school closes. And it snowed.
What is the missing conclusion?

65. Exercise 3
Conclusion: Therefore, school is closed.

66. Ethics
Ethics and Reason?

67. Ethics and Reason
Ethics and logic are not a familiar pairing (ethics and science are VERY familiar)

68. Ethics and Reasoning
Inductive/deductive reasoning inform a lot of our daily activity
Some people form moral assumptions about what is right and wrong and those become principles that they live by

69. Ethics and Reasoning
Principles can be the same as generalizations and used as major premises
Scale a single situation against premise - you can make ethical decisions
All stealing is wrong – major premise

70. Exercise Read the passage
Try to find the presence of inductive and deductive reasoning (bonus – you might find other ways of knowledge as well!)