1. The Reproductive System
Biology 122

2. Importance of Reproduction
Survival of a species!

3. Did You Know?
Female Oysters produce an est. 115 million eggs of which only each spawning
Female frogs produce hundreds of thousands of eggs for fertilization
Human females have egg cells, of which only 400 mature throughout the reproductive years (12 to 50)
Human males, beginning at approx age 13 up until their 80’s and 90’s can produce as many as one billion sex cells every day!
Greatest number of offspring ever born to a woman was 57~Ouch!!

4. 4 Functions of the Reproductive System:
To produce egg and sperm cells
To transport and sustain the egg and sperm cells
To nurture the developing offspring
To produce hormones

5. Organs of the Reproductive System:
The primary reproductive organs, or gonads, consist of the ovaries and testes. These organs are responsible for producing the egg and sperm cells, (gametes), and for producing hormones.
These hormones function in the maturation of the reproductive system, the development of sexual characteristics, and have important roles in regulating the normal physiology of the reproductive system.

6. Organs of the Reproductive System:
All other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive system are considered secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs. These structures transport and sustain the gametes and nurture the developing offspring.

7. Similarities / Differences of Male & Female:
Develop very similar structures of sex glands
Two genital tubes
Manufacture the hormones of the other sex.
Hormones of one sex are often used to treat illness in the other sex.
Both sexes have reproductive organs call GENITALS or GENITALIA, designed for the purpose of intercourse and conception.
Only the female has organs for pregnancy and childbirth….although….

8. Male & Female Reproductive Systems:
The male gonads (testes), produce male sex cells called SPERM.
The female gonads (ovaries) produce the female sex cell called the EGG.
The fusion of a male and a female sex cell, in a process called fertilization, produces a ZYGOTE.
The zygote divides many times to form an embryo, which in turn continues to grow into a fetus.

9. The Male Reproductive System
Internal & External

10. The Male Reproductive System

11. Internal Male Organs
Sperm: the microscopic cells produced by the male’s testicles which can fertilize the female’s ovum.
Prostate Gland: a man’s gland that helps make semen.
Cowper’s Glands: behind the base of the penis which secretes fluid to make semen and neutralize acid during sexual excitement.
Ejaculatory duct: a short straight tube that passes into the prostate gland and opens into the urethra.

12. Urethra: a tube that connects with the vas deferens to carry sperm cells out of the body. In males, both urine and sperm leave the body through the urethra
Epididymis: coiled tube that stores sperm produced by the testes (one part attached to testes and other attaches to the vas deferens
Vas Deferens
(singular): extends up into the abdominal cavity, where it joins the urethra
Seminal Vesicles: two pouch-like structures which serve to store mature sperm until ejaculated.

13. Seminal Fluid
From the epididymis to the urethra, glands add secretions to the sperm cells.
Seminal Fluid:
Carries sperm
Lubricates sperms passageway
Chemical protection from the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract
Contains fructose; (sperm’s energy source)
Semen = Seminal Fluid + Sperm

15. Cross section of Penis

17. External Male Reproductive
Testosterone: the male reproductive hormone made by the testicles which causes the changes of puberty.
Penis: the organ of transfer of sperm to female.
Scrotum: pouch-like sac holding both testicles in a separate compartment that hang underneath the penis; Temperature inside scrotum is 1.5 C lower than w/in the body cavity for sperm production
Testicles – Testes Gland: two glands in the male, located in the scrotum, which produce male hormones (testosterone); produce the male gametes (sperm)

18. Swimming for Your Life – Haploid cells produced by meiosis (23 chromosomes)
A sperm is a tiny package with a big responsibility – to fertilize the egg and create a human life. So that tiny package is loaded with “gear” for its important journey.
A few facts:
Daily sperm production by a healthy man:
10 million to 50 million
Contents of average ejaculation:
50 million sperm; 25 million moving; 25 million deformed
Maturation: 72 days
Average swimming speed of a sperm:
8 inches per hour
Survival time in a woman: 2 to 7 days

19. Other related concerns
Circumcision: A process that surgically removes the flap of skin that covers the glans of the penis.
Ejaculation: when semen carrying sperm spurts out of penis
Semen: the thick, sticky fluid which contains sperm ejaculated by the male from the penis during orgasm (climax).
Nocturnal Emissions: normal, involuntary ejaculation of semen and sperm while a male is asleep.
Impotence: the failure to get or maintain an erection
Vasectomy: surgical procedure for sterilization of the male.

20. Female Time Line:
Ages 9-12 Secondary sex characteristics appear
Ages Menstrual cycle begins
Late 20-30’s Peak sexual urges
Ages menopause (cycle stops, but sex urge continues)
Male Time Line:
Infancy Erections begin
Ages Secondary sex characteristics appear
Ages Sperm produced in adult amounts (puberty)
Late teens Peak sexual urges for boys
Throughout life If good health is present, there is the sex urge and ability to father children.

21. Female Reproductive Organs

22. Vulva: woman’s external genital area.
Pudendum or Pubes: the area in the body where the sex organs are located.
Mons Pubis: a mound of fatty tissue which covers the pubic bone.
Labia Majora: (large lips) two folds of skin running from the mons pubis to below the vaginal opening
Labia Minora: two smaller folds of tissue which lie just within the labia majora.
Clitoris: a small, pea-shaped bump at the front of the labia that contains erectile tissue (counter
part to male penis.)
Urethra: below the clitoris, the opening to the bladder.

23. Internal Organs
Hymen: a narrow fold of tissue encircling the entrance to the vagina.
Vagina: passageway between the uterus and the outside of a woman’s body.
Cervix: Opening from the uterus to the vagina.
Uterus: place where the baby grows in a woman’s abdomen.
Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes): two tubular structures leading from the ovaries to the uterus
Ovaries: organs holding a woman’s eggs.

24. http://msnbcmedia. msn

25. Other related concerns
D&C: dilation and curettage, a common minor operation on women.
Endometriosis: fragments of the endometrium in abnormal places
Orgasm: characterized by the massive release of muscle tension which has built up during excitement.
Dysmenorrhea: painful mentruation (primary or secondary)
Hysterectomy: surgical removal of uterus.

26. Tubal Ligation: an operation for sterilization of women.
PMS: premenstrual syndrome…2 weeks before your period…(collection of physical, psychological and emotional symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. (80% of women have some symptoms)
Menstrual Cycle: the process of passing the blood and tissue lining of the uterus from the body.
Toxic Shock Syndrome: caused by bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) that live in the vagina, which then multiply and causes infection.
Menopause: the remaining ova no longer ripen or develop.

27. Estrogen: the hormone responsible for secondary sex characteristics and for the sex drive in females. The “egg producing” hormone.
Progesterone: builds up the lining of the uterus to prepare it for the fertilized ovum.; the “egg-setting” hormone.
Ovulation: time when the egg is released from the ovary.

28. Fertilization (conception): a sperm entering an ovum.
See Miracle of Life!!

29. The Visible Embryo

30. Class Review: