1. Treatment of dystocia
Each case of dystocia is a clinical problem which may be solved if a correct procedure is followed.

2. a brief history of the case should be obtained
a brief history of the case should be obtained. Much of it will be the outcome of questioning the owner or attendant, but many elicited from personal observation of the animal.
● Has full term arrived or is delivery premature?
● Is the animal a primigravida or multigravida?
● What is her previous breeding history?
● What has been the general management during pregnancy?
● When did straining begin? What was its nature – slight and intermittent or frequent and forceful?
● Has straining ceased?
● Has a water-bag appeared and, if so, when was it first seen?
● Has there been any escape of fluid?
● Have any parts of the fetus appeared at the vulva?
● Has an examination been made and has assistance been attempted? If so, what was its nature?
● In the case of the multiparous species, have any young been born, naturally or otherwise, and if so, when? Were they alive at birth?
● Is the animal still taking food?
● In the case of the bitch and cat, has there been vomiting?

3. Possible treatments are
a-Conservative treatment: the obstetrician may consider the case to be not quite ready for assistance and decide to allow the patient a finite period of time before taking further action.
b-manipulative treatment: assisted vaginal delivery after correction of any fetal maldisposition.
c-drug therapy to increase myomaterial activity : the use of specific ecobolic drugs such as oxytocin. Calcium or glucose therapy may be required in cases where a deficiency is suspected.
d-surgical treatment : at cesarean section the uterus is opened surgically to allow removal of the offspring via laparotomy. On occasion the uterus may be found to be so damaged at surgery that hysterectomy is necessary.
Fetotomy (sometimes termed "embryotomy" is the division –by the obstetrician working per vaginam-of the fetus into small portions that can more easily be delivered through the birth canal
Possible treatments are

4. 1-Teatment of dystocia of fetal origin: Consideration of treatment to be adopted General
l The great majority of dystocia cases in the monotocous species are fetal in origin, and are the outcome of either faulty disposition or oversize. In the former, the first aim of treatment is to convert it to normal, and having done this, hasten delivery by relatively gentle traction. Such correction must, if possible, be performed by manipulation, assisted perhaps by the use of simple instruments such as snares and repellers. In cases of oversize of the fetus a decision must be made promptly on whether to attempt delivery by traction or by a caesarian operation. Fetotomy as a method of treating dystocia in large animals still has its place if the fetus is dead

5. Species specific mare
it must be remembered that the limbs of the thoroughbred newborn foal are very long (70% of their adult length), which requires a substantial amount of space to facilitate flexion and extension
Fetotomy in mare is difficult because of powerful straining, long birth canal and early dehiscence of the placenta.

6. cow
, more often the case will be an early one; the calf is alive and the uterus healthy.
the amount of traction must be limited to that of three persons or a calving aid

7. ewe
‘ringwomb’.
incomplete dilatation of the cervix or

8. Bitch and queen cat
The primary consideration in the management of a case of dystocia in the bitch or queen is – shall one proceed with delivery per vaginam or shall one immediately resort to laparotomy? Factors which will influence the decision are:
● the cause of dystocia, whether obstruction or primary inertia
● the duration of second-stage labour and hence the condition of the fetuses and the uterine muscle
● the number of fetuses retained.
how long after the onset of second-stage labour puppies are likely to remain alive. It is very improbable that the presented fetus will live longer than 6–8 hours, for by that time its placenta will have completely separated

9. 2-Treatment of dystocia of maternal origin:
Dystocia, which arise in the mother due to maternal factors, are caused either by constriction of the birth canal or by a deficiency of expulsive force. The constrictive forms, of which the most important are pelvic inadequacies, incomplete dilatation of the cervix and uterine torsion.
The treatment depend on the cause :
1-incomplete dilatation of the cervix: can give a hormone such as estradiole and also administer a calcium borogluconate subcutaneously and wait several hours.
2-uterine torsion: will discussed singly.
3-obstructive uterine inertia: administer hormone estradiol with also calcium or magnesium.
4-neoplasms of vagina or vulva: it is rare but may cause a physical obstruction, treated surgically.
5-pelvic obstruction by distended urinary bladder: especially in dogs: treated by careful catheterization or the bladder.