1. Evolution = change/time Change of what? Inherited characteristics
two types
Microevolution – refers to change in the gene pool of a population
Macroevolution – refers to speciation

2. Species Concept What is a species?
Definition = a group of organisms that are capable of mating with one another in nature to produce fertile, viable (living), offspring

3. Population Genetics
Def: study of changes in the genetic composition of populations
What is a population?
Def: organisms of the same species living together in the same area/environment
NOTE: If organisms live in the same region, they experience same environmental pressures from natural selection!

4. Peppered Moth Peppered Moth
Flies at night and rests on trunks of trees during the day. In 1850, most moths had light colored wings (95%), while some (5%) had dark wings. By 1900, the situation was reversed. What happened?
Industrial Revolution – In 1850, tree trunks were covered with a light colored lichen. Light winged moths were camouflaged against the lichen protected them from being eaten by birds. The industrial revolution produced large amounts of soot in central England which covered the trees killing the lichens. Light colored moths resting on dark tree trunks became easy prey. In this new environment, the dark months were more “fit”. As a result, the frequency of the dark colored allele increased as the allele for light colored wings decreased proportionally.

5. Bacteria & Antibiotic Resistance

6. How does a species develop?
Species develop from other species (ancestor) through variation over time!
Variation = differences within a species
Arise due to mutation, errors in DNA replication, meiosis, etc.

7. Does variation alone lead to a new species?
No  Isolation!
When groups separate they change from one another due to different environmental pressures!
What happens when 2 best friends go away to different colleges?

8. Classification King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
We classify based on a Hierarchical System!
Big, general  Small, specific
King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

9. Monera was split into two: archaebacteria and eubacteria
Kingdoms of Life
Until recently scientists recognized 5 kingdoms:
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia
Monera was split into two: archaebacteria and eubacteria
Now scientists use a six kingdom model:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

10. Example! Human Classification
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Animalia  Chordata  Mammalia  Primate  Hominidae  Homo  Sapien

11. Binomial Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus - Taxonomy
Scientific Name vs. Common Name
Always written in italics
First word is capitalized = genus
Second word is lowercase = species
Example: White Pine
Pinus strobus
Dog
Canus familaris

12. History of Evolutionary Theory
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Theory of use & disuse
Individual organisms change in response to their environment and pass this acquired trait to their offspring.

14. History of Evolutionary Theory
Charles Darwin
Early to Mid 1800’s
Age 22 left England aboard the HMS Beagle
Galapagos Islands, South America, Africa, and Australia

15. Darwin’s Theory 1859 “On Origin of the Species”
Theory of Natural Selection
survival and reproduction of organisms that are best suited to their environment

16. Theory of Natural Selection
Main Points
Populations tend to grow & overpopulate
Resource competition  resources are limited
Inheritable Variation exists among populations that makes some individuals more “fit” than others.
Those individuals with variation that allows them to survive better will reproduce more often. Their genes & traits are passed onto offspring, causing these genes & traits to increase in proportion in the population.

17. Evidence for Evolution
Fossil Record
Comparative Anatomy
Molecular Biology
Biogeography
Embryology

18. Fossil Record Remains of plants or animals that were once living
Used to:
reveal the existence of species that came before & are now extinct (Life has changed over time!)
Develop relationships
Rate of Evolutionary Change
Incomplete
Why?

19. Comparative Anatomy
Study of different structures used to develop relationships
Homologous, Analogous, Vestigial

20. Molecular Biology Biogeography
Study differences in DNA & amino acid sequences
Those organisms most closely related have the most similarities.
Biogeography
Movement of continents  continental drift
Trace species back to splits in populations due to continental drift

21. Embryology
Study of similarities during embryo development

22. What can we conclude from all of this evidence?
Descent with Modification!
New life forms appeared to be modifications of fossil forms found in similar geographic areas.
Implies that modern life forms are descendents of older life forms that have changed slowly over time.
Q: What made them change?

23. Patterns of Evolution Coevolution
Change or Evolution of 1 species affects the evolution of another.
Ex: Predator Prey (arms race)
Convergent Evolution
Occurs when environmental pressures act similarly to unrelated species.
Example: whale & shark
Divergent Evolution
2 or more related species become increasingly different
Related species are introduced into different environments.
Natural selection states why life forms change. Patterns of evolution indicate examples of how life forms change.

24. Divergent Evolution
Adaptive Radiation
Rapid increase in # of species