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Classifcation and taxonomy
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How is food grouped in a store?
Classification How is food grouped in a store?
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What is the advantage of grouping food this way?
Classification What is the advantage of grouping food this way?
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Classification Grouping of objects or information based on similarities and for practical purposes Plants were organized either poisonous or edible Organizing kitchen Library- card catalogue or computer Medicine- pharmacist Grocery store
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Taxonomy Science of classification and naming of organism
Aristotle- early taxonomist 1st method of taxonomy Two major groups- plants and animals Plants-herbs, trees, shrubs Animals-land, sea, air Problems: Only 500 species used-artificial 5-6 million species (1.5 million named) Didn’t know how they related to each other- characteristics
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Classification Goal –natural classification system Natural- evolutionary characteristics Look at the properties of characteristics of organisms and organize with these in mind Nomenclature- process of naming objects
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Carlos Linnaeus Developed method of taxonomy used today
Characteristics chosen reflect evolutionary relationship between species Species known by 2 names Genus-grouping of similar species and species name; group of like kind of animals/plants Binomial nomenclature- 2 name system Homo sapiens- modern human Genus name- always capitalized Species name always lower case
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Taxonomic categories
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Taxonomic examples Different species Learning categories
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Criteria determining classification
Similarities in structure/internal & external development Chemistry makeup Behavior Evolutionary relationships/phylogeny- evolutionary history of species
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Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria
Single celled No membrane bound organelles (nucleus) Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Found in extreme environments; salt lakes, swamps, deep-ocean hydrothermal vents True bacteria Cell wall Peptidoglycan
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Kingdom Archaea Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food
Ancient bacteria DNA Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only
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Kingdom Monera - Eubacteria and Achbaecteria
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Kingdom Protista Unicellular and multicellular
Some plant, animal and fungus-like Lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments Eukaryotic organisms- has membrane bound organelles and nuclei Examples-euglena, paramecium, amoeba, slim molds
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Kingdom Protista Examples example
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Kingdom fungi Earth’s decomposers Multicelluar and unicellular Consumers with no mobility Decompose waste & dead organisms to get nutrients by absorption More than 100,000 species named
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Kingdom fungi example
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Kingdom Plantae (plants)
Produce O2 and use CO2 Stationary, multicellular, use photosynthesis to make food 500,000 species identified Cell wall (cellulose)
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Kingdom Plantae (plants)
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Kingdom Animilia (animals)
Cells have no cells walls Able to move and tissues organized into organs and organ systems 750,000 + identified Heterotrophic
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Kingdom Animalia ( animals)
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Terminology Classification Taxonomy Systematics Phylogeny
Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship Taxonomy The science of naming organisms Systematics Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms Phylogeny Evolutionary history
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Constructing a cladogram
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Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms
Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later
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Cladogram for Transportation
Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived
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Cladogram example Example one Example two
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Construct a Cladogram Organisms to use Organisms to use
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Animals for cladogram Gorilla characteristics Four limbs Fur Lost tail
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Animal for cladogram Tiger characteristics Four limbs Fur Tail
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Animal for cladogram Lizard characteristics Four limbs Tail
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Animal for cladogram Fish characteristics Tail
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Four limbs Fur Lost tail Animal for cladogram Chimpanzee
characteristics Four limbs Fur Lost tail
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Clad With Fur
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Clad With No Tail
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Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram
Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait
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Gorilla Chimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs
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Gorilla Tail? How do we know the gorilla lost its tail?
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Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail
Human Gorilla
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Synapomorphy A derived character shared by two or more groups.
Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups of mammals. Synapomorphies are used to determine evolutionary relationships
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Phylogenetic Tree Shows evolutionary relationships
More historical than cladogram
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Echinodermata Uniramia Chelicerata Chordata Crustacea Protochordates
Lophophorates Crustacea Protochordates Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Mollusca Other pseudocoelomates Nemertea Platyhelminthes Nematoda Ctenophora Cnidaria Mesozoa Placozoa Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora Porifera Apicomplexa Microspora Myxozoa
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Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
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Fish Fins Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth
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Amphibian 4 limbs Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth
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Reptile 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Homodont teeth
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Bird 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg No teeth Feathers Endothermic
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Mammal 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Heterodont teeth Fur or hair
Endothermic
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Birds Mammals Reptile Amphibian Fish Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae
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Synapomorphies Birds Mammals Reptile Feathers Amphibian Fur Fish
Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae Synapomorphies Four limbs for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals Amniotic egg for reptiles, birds & mammals
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Symplesiomorphy Character shared by a number of groups
Inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor. Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in determining evolutionary relationships
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Symplesiomorphies Birds Mammals Reptile Feathers Amphibian Fur Fish
Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae Symplesiomorphies Vertebrae for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals Four limbs for reptiles, birds & mammals
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Monophyletic A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor
The common ancestor is in the group Example: Mammalia Ancestor was a mammal like reptile
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Polyphyletic A group that has some similarities
Common ancestor is in not in the group Not all descendants are included Example: Flying vertebrates
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Paraphyletic A group of descendants of a common ancestor
Common ancestor is in the group Not all descendants are included Example: Reptiles Does not include birds and mammals
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Tree of Life
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Bilateral Symmetry 7-9 Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bilateral Symmetry Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane 7-9
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Anatomical Terms Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral
Head end (front side in upright man) Posterior Tail end (back side in upright man) Dorsal Back side Ventral Belly side
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Anatomical Terms (cont)
Medial Close to the middle Lateral Close to the side Distal Away from the main part Proximal Close to the main part
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Anatomical Terms (cont)
Oral End with the mouth Aboral Opposite end of the mouth Cephalic Toward head Caudal Toward tail
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Characteristics of Life
Homeostasis: Internal regulation of the environment to maintain a constant, balanced state. Organization: Being structurally composed of one or more cells- The Basic Units of Life- without cells, living organisms would not be able to carry out the basic processes essential for sustaining life. Metabolism: Transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components and decomposing organic matter. Growth: Cells help organism increase in size.
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characteristics of life
Adaptation: Ability to change over time in response to the environment. Fundamental to the process of evolution and is determined by the organism’s genetics, diet, external factors. Response to stimuli: Organism must be able to respond to external/internal stimuli. Reproduction: Ability to produce new individual organisms. Asexual or sexual reproduction.
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Radial Symmetry
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Asymmetry
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