1. Classification and the six kingdoms
Taxonomy
Classification and the six kingdoms
List all 8 kingdoms (domain included) in order from largest to smallest.
Why is it important to have a standardized naming system?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
In order to avoid confusion.

2. Evidence to Classify Organisms
1. Physical characteristics
2. Behavioral – breeding behavior
3. Chromosomes
4. DNA/Biochemistry

3. Evidence to Classify Organisms
Physical characteristics
a. Structural similarities among species reveal relationships
b. The presence of many shared physical structures implies that species are closely related and may have evolved from a common ancestor.

4. Evidence to Classify Organisms
Behavioral – breeding behavior
a. Two species of frogs, Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoscelis live in the same area and look similar
b. During the breeding season there is an obvious difference in their mating behavior – different pitch rate between the calls

5. Evidence to Classify Organisms
Chromosomes
a. Both the number and structure of chromosomes, as seen during mitosis and meiosis, provide evidence about relationships among species.
For example, cauliflower, cabbage, kale, and broccoli look different but have chromosomes that are almost identical in structure.

6. Evidence to Classify Organisms
DNA/Biochemistry
a. Closely related species have similar DNA sequences and therefore proteins
b. In general, the more inherited nucleotide sequences that two species share, the more closely related they are.

7. A. DNA B. Chromosomes C. Taxon D. Behavioral
Which of the following is NOT a way to determine evolutionary relationships?
A. DNA
B. Chromosomes
C. Taxon
D. Behavioral

8. Evolutionary Classification
Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities
The evolutionary history of a species is called its phylogeny.

9. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Three main characteristics that distinguish the members of each kingdom
a. Cellular type (complex or simple)
b. Their ability to make food
c. The number of cells in their body

10. SIX KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA (Prokaryotes) EUBACTERIA (Prokaryotes)
PROTISTS (Eukaryotes)
FUNGI (Eukaryotes)
PLANTS (Eukaryotes)
ANIMALS (Eukaryotes)

11. Prokaryotic Kingdoms
Prokaryotes - organisms with cells that lack a nuclei bounded by a membrane
Originally the two bacteria were grouped together in one kingdom called Monera.
Now they are separated into two kingdoms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

12. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic with cell walls
Unicellular
Chemotrophic, Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Found in extreme environments
Swamps, deep-ocean hydrothermal vents
Oxygen free environments
Examples: halobacterium, methanogens and thermoacidophiles

13. Kingdom Eubacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
Prokaryotic with cell wall
Unicellular
Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
B. Most species of bacteria are in this kingdom
C. Live in most environments
D. Some cause diseases
Strep throat and pneumonia
E. Most are harmless and many may be helpful

14. Kingdom Protista (slime molds and algae)
Eukaryotic with a cell wall
Most are unicellular, some are multicellular with cilia and flagella
Lacks complex organ systems
Autotrophic and/or Heterotrophic
Lives in moist environments (pond water)
Members are very different from one another
Some are plantlike (algae)
Some are animal-like (protozoa)
Some are fungus-like (slime molds)

15. Kingdom Fungi (mushrooms, mold and mildew)
Eukaryotic with cell walls made of chitin
1.Most are multicellular, some are unicellular
2.External heterotrophs; decomposers

16. Kingdom Plantae (Ferms, Angiosperms)
Eukaryotic with cell walls made of cellulose
1. All multicellular
2. Autotrophs and photosynthetic
3. No species can move from place to place.
Second largest kingdom
Range from tiny mosses to giant trees
Use of chlorphyll for solar-energy transformation

17. Kingdom Animalia (Invertebrates and Vertebrates)
Eukaryotic with no cell walls
1. Multicellular with complex cells
2. Heterotrophs with specialized organ systems
B. Largest kingdom
C. Nearly all are able to move from place to place.

18. Six Kingdoms Summary
Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria contain only unicellular prokaryotes.
Kingdom Protista contains eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems.
Kingdom Fungi includes heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb their nutrients.
Kingdom Plantae includes multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic.
Kingdom Animalia includes multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs with cells that lack cell walls.

19. Which of the following describes a fungus?
A. autotrophic prokaryote
B. unicellular or multicellular heterotroph
C. unicellular autotroph
D. heterotrophic prokaryote