1. Net Energy Net energy = Higher ratio means greater net energy
(high-quality usable energy) – (energy needed to make it available) (find, extract, process)
Example:
If oil produces 10 units of energy, and it costs 8 to get the oil, then you only have 2 units you can use. The ratio would be 10/8 or 1.25.
Higher ratio means greater net energy
What does it mean if your ratio is less than 1?
Net energy loss

2. Electric resistance heating (coal-fired plant) 0.4
Space Heating
Passive solar
5.8
Natural gas
4.9
Oil
4.5
Active solar
1.9
Coal gasification
1.5
Electric resistance heating (coal-fired plant)
0.4
Electric resistance heating (natural-gas-fired plant)
0.4
Electric resistance heating (nuclear plant)
0.3
High-Temperature Industrial Heat
Surface-mined coal
28.2
Underground-mined coal
25.8
Natural gas
4.9
Oil
4.7
Coal gasification
1.5
Direct solar (highly concentrated by mirrors, heliostats, or other devices)
Figure 16.4
Science: Net energy ratios for various energy systems over their estimated lifetimes: the higher the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available. QUESTION: Based on these data which three resources in each category should we be using? Compare this with the major resources we are actually using as shown in Figure (Data from U.S. Department of Energy and Colorado Energy Research Institute, Net Energy Analysis, 1976; and Howard T. Odum and Elisabeth C. Odum, Energy Basis for Man and Nature, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981)
0.9
Transportation
Natural gas
4.9
Gasoline (refined crude oil)
4.1
Biofuel (ethyl alcohol)
1.9
Coal liquefaction
1.4
Oil shale
1.2
Fig. 16-4, p. 358

3. OIL

4. OIL Crude oil (petroleum): a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons
Extract from underground deposits
Plants and animal matter from millions of years ago
Oil is widely used because it is:
Cheap
easily transported
high net energy yield

5. Primary vs. Secondary Recovery
Primary recovery of oil:
Drill a hole and pump out the light weight crude that fills the hole
Secondary recovery – pumping water into the well to force oil out of the pores
The oil and water mixture is separated after pumping
Only about 35% of the
oil is removed by primary
and secondary recovery
So how do we get more
out of these wells?

6. Tertiary recovery: Tertiary is expensive!
Either a heated gas or a liquid detergent is pumped into the well to help remove more oil
You an also use bacteria to loosen the heavy crude
Tertiary is expensive!
So what do you think will happen to the net energy ratio of oil in the future?
What the Frack?

7. Refining crude oil: Separate by distillation
Based on boiling points, separates into layers
Net energy yield is decreasing as oil is refined

8. OIL Oil is converted into petrochemicals and used to create…
industrial organic chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, medicines and more.
So if oil prices go up…

9. OPEC – organization of petroleum exporting countries control 67% of the worlds oil and maintain control over pricing

10. U.S. Oil Supplies The U.S. – the world’s largest oil user
has only 2.9% of the world’s proven oil reserves.
What do you think most of the oil is used for in the U.S.?
Transportation

11. Heavy Oils from Oil Sand and Oil Shale:
Oil shale: fine grained sedimentary rock containing solid combustible organic material called kerogen
Shale oil is made from heating oil shale rock then collect the liquid, take out the impurities like sulfur and nitrogen, send to refinery
Utah, Wyoming, Colorado

12. Tar Sand or Oil Sands Tar sand
contains bitumen another combustible organic material
is high in sulfur
Uses more energy to refine
It takes about 1.8 metric tons of oil sand to produce one barrel of oil.
So compared to oil, Shale oil and tar sands have a lower net energy ratio than conventional oil deposits.
CANADA!

13. Keystone XL pipeline

14. 1 barrel of oil = 158.987295 liters or 42 gallons