1. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Intro to Skeletal System (5:08)

2. Functions of Skeleton _____ Hematopoiesis
Stores mineral _____ (____ & ____)
Provides sites for _____ attachment

3. Two Major Divisions Axial – _____, hyoid, _____, _____ cage
Appendicular – _____, _____, pelvic/pectoral girdles

4. Bone Anatomy
Periosteum – tough outer covering; _____ connective; contains _____ _____ that enter and service bone cells
Medullary cavity – inner cavity of diaphysis; houses _____ marrow (_____ cells)
Epiphysis – end of long bone; contains epiphyseal disk (region of _____); _____ bone; covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage; _____ marrow (hematopoiesis)
Diaphysis – middle shaft of bone; mostly _____ bone

5. Bone Marrow
Cross section of femoral head

6. Bone Anatomy
Endosteum – inner lining of _____ cavity; connective tissue covered with simple squamous; highly vascular (full of _____ _____)
Canaliculi – microscopic canals within bone tissue through which bone cells _____ with each other and to the _____ supply
Lacunae – microscopic chambers that house osteocytes (mature _____ _____)

7. Bone Anatomy

8. Two Types of Bone
Spongy – many _____ (lowers _____); spaces filled with _____ marrow; trabeculae (give _____)
Compact – dense; lacks _____; central canal (houses blood vessels and nerves); lamellae (concentric layers) around _____ canal (Haversian system); Haversian systems are closely packed, hence _____ bone

9. Two Types of Bone
Central canal
Haversian System
(or osteon)

10. Internal Bone Anatomy

11. Bone Growth
OsteoBlasts – cells that B_____ up bone; make new matrix then mineralize it via e_____
OsteoClasts – cells that C_____ bone; dissolve the mineralized matrix of bone by releasing H+ ions (acidic) then digest it with_____; dissolved minerals put into blood stream when needed; contain many vesicles – Why??
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to maintain bone structure _____.
Explain braces on teeth
Epiphyseal disk – “_____ _____”; cartilaginous tissue (hyaline) where _____ occurs; ossification begins around 17, ends around 25; process regulated by _____

12. Bone Growth Adult Hand Hand of a 3-year Old (lots of cartilage)
(White = dense; Gray/Black = less dense)

13. Bone Repair Hematoma – _____ clot, inflammation, pain
Fibrocartilage callus – mass of collagenous fibers and fibrocartilage fills in space of breakage; _____ cells move in and clean up; reconstruction begins
Bony callus – o_____ move in and ossify fibrocartilage callus into spongy bone
Remodeling – _____ build up compact bone and _____ break down the spongy bone and build new medullary cavity. In general,
a. _____ break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit ______ in the blood.
b. After about 3 weeks, the osteoclasts disappear.
c. Then, _____ reverse work done by osteoclasts, taking Ca from the blood and depositing it in _____.
Skeletal System Overview (3:45)
Remolding Animation (2:44)

14. Fractures Two main types:
Simple – bone is broken, but _____ is not lacerated
Transverse – fracture occurs at right angle of bone
Greenstick – fracture on one side of the bone
Comminuted – fracture that results in three or more bone _____
Open/Compound – bone breaks and lacerates the _____; risk of _____

15. Fractures Types of Fractures (2:07) Greenstick Comminuted Transverse
Compound

16. Treatments for Broken Bones
Four Treatments:
C_____
S_____ (in which screws and/or rods can be used)
Electrical stimulation (speeds up _____, suppresses osteo_____ function)
Ultrasound (speeds up _____, stimulates chondrocytes to make callus)

17. The Skull
Sinuses – _____ skull; voice resonance; _____ buffer; air humidifier; lots of mucous membranes; sinusitis (_____ cannot drain properly due to _____)

18. The Skull
Fontanels – “_____ _____”; occur because of the protein noggin (delays _____ of cranial bones)
Sutures – held together by _____ connective tissue

19. The Spine
Abnormal curvatures:
_____ (pregnancy, big gut)
_____ (hunchback)
_____ (lateral curvature)
Possess many processes for _____ attachment (transverse and spinous)
Intervertebral disks (can _____ under stress)
Name of C1 and C2? (______ & ______)

20. Spine Anatomy

21. The Spine (abnormal curvatures)
Kyphosis
Scoliosis

22. The Spine (herniated disk)
Herniated disk treatments (3:11)

23. Joints (Don’t be “SAD”!)
Three basic types of joints:
_____ (immovable; sutures)
_____ (slightly movable; vertebral joints)
_____ (freely movable; synovial; elbow, shoulder, etc.)

24. Disorders Sprains Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Gout
overstretching of a _____ or _____
Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic _____ inflammatory disorder that typically affects joints in your hands and feet
Osteoarthritis
the most common form of arthritis; occurs when _____ in joints wears down over time
Gout
occurs when sharp, needle-like uric acid crystals accumulate around joint, causing _____ and intense _____

25. Disorders

26. Effects of Aging Cartilage calcifies Osteoporosis
Slower, less effective healing – Why?
Marrow transformation as we age:
Infants – almost entirely red
Middle age – 50:50 red to yellow
Elderly – almost entirely yellow
Osteoporosis (5:05)

27. Bone Art by Marian Caparu