1. Bones – Test Review

2. 5 functions of bones: What are they?
Protection – examples: skull, ribs
Support – for internal organs
Storage – of minerals (esp. Ca, P)
Movement – by muscles pulling on bones
Hematopoiesis – blood cell formation (RBC)

3. What are the 2 subdivisions of the skeletal system?
Axial skeleton – skull, thorax, vertebrae
Appendicular skeleton – limbs, girdles

4. What are the 4 Classifications of bones?
Long
Ex. Upper and lower limbs
Short
Ex. Carpals and tarsals
Flat
Ex. Ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae
Irregular
Ex. Vertebrae, facial

5. Identify Parts of a Long Bone
Epiphysis – ends of long bones
Diaphysis – shaft part of bone for length
Periosteum – wraps around diaphysis
Sharpey’s fibers – used to secure periosteum to diaphysis

6. How is Spongy different from Compact Bone?
Spongy bone – found on epiphysis
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Compact bone - Dense and smooth

7. Diagram the Microanatomy of Compact Bone
Osteons (Haversian system)
Central (Haversian) Canals
Lamellae – Rings around the central canal
Canaliculi – Tiny canals
Lacunae - Cavities containing bone cells

8. Bone Formation, Growth, Remodeling
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas – where? 3 locations:
Bridge of the nose
When attaching ribs
Joints – articular cartilage
Bone Growth and Remodeling
Cartilage is broken down, bone replaces cartilage, epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bones during childhood
Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops. When?
Epiphyseal Plate - child
Epiphyseal line - adult

9. Bone Cells – what’s the difference?
Osteocytes – mature bone cells
Osteoclasts – breakdown bone
Osteoblasts – build bone
Hyaline cartilage is most abundant cartilage

10. PTH / Calcitonin

11. Bone Markings Examples of bone markings: Depression or Projection?
Foramen – a hole or opening
Trochanter – large, blunt process found only on femur
Process – bony prominence
Line – narrow, less prominent than a crest
Meatus – canal-like opening
Ramus – arm-like extension of a bone; ex. mandible
Depression or Projection?
Explain the difference.
A depression goes inward
A projection goes outward

12. Fractures Treatment is reduction open or closed Types of fractures:
Simple
Compound
Comminuted
Impacted
Epiphyseal
Greenstick
Osteomyelitis (problem)

13. Fracture Healing Process
Hematoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Bony callus
Remodeling by osteoclasts/osteoblasts

14. Bones of the Cranium (skull)
Diagram
Cranium bones
Frontal bone
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Parietal bone

15. Fontanels of the fetal skull
The fetal skull is not fully ossified. The baby’s pulse can be felt through these “soft spots” called Fontanels.
The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length

16. Bones of the skull – facial bones
Diagram – Ant. view
Facial bones
Zygomatic
Nasal
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Mandible

17. Bone Markings (skull) Foramen magnum – on occipital bone
Styloid process – temporal bone
Mastoid process – temporal bone
Zygomatic process – temporal bone

18. Sutures of the skull Sagittal suture Coronal suture Squamous suture
Diagram – Lat. view
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture

19. 3 Parts of the sternum
The sternum has three main parts: (sup. to inf.)
1. the ___________,
2. the _________ and
3. the ______________
manubrium
body
Xiphoid process

20. Rib cage
A. First Rib - articulates with T1, and the Manubrium via Costal Cartilage. 
B. Costal Cartilage - The Cartilage that attaches the Ribs to the Sternum
C. Seventh Rib - The lowest of the 'True Ribs'. It articulates with T7, and the Sternum
D. Eighth Rib - The highest of the 'False Ribs'. It articulates with T8, and the Sternum
E. Tenth Rib - The lowest of the ribs that articulate with the Sternum. It also articulates with T10
F. Eleventh Rib - The highest of the floating ribs. Only articulates with T11
G. Twelfth Rib - The lowest of the floating ribs. It only articulates with T12
H. T12 - The last thoracic rib
I. Xiphoid Process - articulates with the Sternum and attaches to the Diaphragm and Abdominals.
J. Body of Sternum - The mid-portion of the Sternum. Notches on both sides serve as attachment points for the cartilage of ribs 3 – 7. K. Manubrium - articulates with the Clavicles, and first and second ribs.
L. Clavicular Notch - The articulating surface for the Manubrium and Clavicle.
M. Jugular Notch - An indentation at the top of the Manubrium. It's usually in line with the disc between the second and third Thoracic vertebrae.

21. 1. How many total vertebrae are there in the spinal column
1. How many total vertebrae are there in the spinal column? Explain your number by including how many of the following: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx.
ANSWER COULD BE 26 (7 CERVICAL, 12 THORACIC, 5 LUMBAR, 5 SACRUM, 4 COCCYX) OR 33 TOTAL

22. 2. What is the purpose of an intervertebral disc
2. What is the purpose of an intervertebral disc? Where are they located? As one ages, why do they tend to not work as effectively?
PURPOSE OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS IS THEY ARE TO ACT AS A CUSHION FOR SHOCK AS THEY ARE COMPRESSED. THEY ARE LOCATED BETWEEN EACH OF THE VERTEBRAE AND REST ON THE BODY. WITH AGE, THEY LOSE THEIR WATER AND THE LIGAMENTS WEAKEN.

23. 3. Why is it necessary for the vertebral column to be curved
3. Why is it necessary for the vertebral column to be curved? What type of curve is the cervical? The thoracic? The lumbar? The Sacrum?
TO PREVENT SHOCK TO THE HEAD WHEN WE WALK OR RUN. ALSO MAKES THE COLUMN FLEXIBLE. CERVICAL CURVE – SECONDARY; THORACIC CURVE – PRIMARY; LUMBAR CURVE – SECONDARY; SACRAL CURVE – PRIMARY.

24. 4. Explain how a person feels or what they experience as a result of a herniated disc?
NUMBNESS AND EXRUCIATING PAIN IS EXPERIENCED IF THE PROTRUDING DISC PRESSES ON THE SPINAL CORD.

25. 5. Explain what scoliosis is? What is kyphosis? What is lordosis?
SCOLIOSIS – S-SHAPED CURVATURE IS LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE THORACIC VERTEBRAE. KYPHOSIS IS A “HUNCHBACK” OR A POSTERIOR CURVE OF THE THORACIC VERTEBRAE. LORDOSIS IS AN ANTERIOR CURVE OF THE LUMBAR REGION.

26. 6. What is the name for C1 and why is it so important. What about C2
6. What is the name for C1 and why is it so important? What about C2? What special movements do they allow?
C1 IS THE ATLAS THAT ARTICULATES WITH THE OCCIPITAL CONDYLES OF THE SKULL, HAS NO BODY, AND ALLOWS FOR FLEXION/EXTENSION OF THE NECK (“yes”). C2 IS THE AXIS AND ALLOWS FOR ROTATION OF THE HEAD (“no”) BECAUSE OF THE ODONTOID (DENS) PROCESS.

27. 7. What is a true rib. How many pairs. False rib and how many pairs
7. What is a true rib? How many pairs? False rib and how many pairs? Floating and how many pairs?
TRUE RIBS HAVE A DIRECT ARTICULATION WITH THE STERNUM – PAIRS FALSE RIBS ARE PAIRS 8-12 THAT INDIRECTLY CONNECT TO THE STERNUM. PAIRS ARE FLOATING RIBS THAT DO NOT CONNECT TO THE STERNUM.

28. 8. What are the 3 parts of the sternum from superior to inferior
8. What are the 3 parts of the sternum from superior to inferior? What is the space between the ribs called and what connects them to the sternum?
3 PARTS OF THE STERNUM FROM SUPERIOR TO INFERIOR ARE THE MANUBRIUM, BODY AND XIPHOID PROCESS. SPACE BETWEEN IS THE INTERCOSTAL SPACE AND ARE CONNECTED TO THE STERNUM BY COSTAL CARTILAGE

29. 9. Why do lumbar vertebrae have such large bodies?
THEIR BODIES ARE LARGE BECAUSE THEY ARE SUPPORTING THE REST OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. THEY NEED TO BE STURDY.