1. Skyscrapers

2. I.M. Pei Bridging architecture as sculpture with technology
Studied at MIT and GSD but admired Aalto and Breuer

3. National Gallery of Art, D.C, 1970s

8. JFK Library, Boston Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, OH
Late 1970s

9. Louvre, Paris, 1980s

11. All after the Hancock Tower, Boston, 1968

12. Copley Plaza

13. Steel frame and curtain wall

14. Empire State Building Height: 1,200 feet 102 stories
Built in just over a year in 1931
Steel frame faced in limestone

16. In 1945 a B-25…
1945

21. Bank of China, 1990
Pritzker Award

22. Citicorp, NYC,
Architect: Hugh Stubbins; engineer: William LeMessurier
900 feet (4th tallest in NYC; 7th in world)
Aluminum and glass sheathing
Reduction of inner supports to increase space: chevron braces
Load mass damper

23. Height Plus Lightweight Materials

24. Tuned (or Load) Mass Damper
Clip on LMD

27. Site issues and resolution

28. St. Peter’s Lutheran Church

30. Innovation of chevron braces

31. Cutting costs…
Welding versus bolting

32. World Trade Center Towers, 1970
Minoru Yamasaki, architect
Leslie Robertson, structural engineer

34. Rethinking the steel frame

38. South Tower

41. Daniel Libeskind (Jewish Museum, Berlin)

51. Death by Committee….

56. As of 2012…

59. Base: 185 feet of windowless concrete
74 usable floors
3 foot walls of reinforced concrete around all stairwells and elevator shafts
Gold LEED Certification
First lease signed by Beijing-based Vantone Industrial Co.

60. Lessons of WTC Concrete core elements to maximize safety (not drywall)
Elevators: programmed for evacuation
Special elevator for firemen

62. As of Sept 2011: they reached the 80th floor.
At 3.8 billion, it is on track to be the most expensive building in the world

63. 2014 open for business

64. SOM
Carbide Building, NYC

65. Sears Tower, Chicago 1973; architects: SOM
Height: 1,450 feet surpassed Twin Towers
Still the highest building in NA
New tubular construction

67. The forces of wind and gravity are dissipated throughout and down into the major mass of the building as each tube, acting independently, assumes only a portion of the stress.

69. Step backs: a way to maximize space and height

70. Burj Dubai Completion: 2010 Height: 2,684 feet Architect: SOM
Stories: 162

71. World’s Tallest?

74. False floors?

75. Facts: Cooling: the equivalent of 10,000 tons of ice per day.
It will require 250,000 gallons of water per day
However, the condensation created by the cool interior in a hot desert will be gathered to irrigate all the plantings
Electricity: the equivalent of 360, watt bulbs burning 24/7.