1. Week 1 – Introduction to Computers and Programming Languages (Part 1)
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

2. EKT120: Computer Programming
General Information
Contributes 4 units:
2 hours – lectures
4 hours – labs
Main Objective:
Students can independently write, compile, debug and execute computer programs to solve problems, especially engineering related problems.
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

3. EKT120: Computer Programming
Course Outcomes
Ability to define and describe programming concepts and principles.
Ability to apply programming techniques and tools such as flowchart and pseudo code to design computer programs.
Ability to apply GNU/Linux for coding, compiling, executing and debugging computer programs.
Ability to solve engineering related problems using computer programming techniques.
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

4. EKT120: Computer Programming
Overall Evaluation
4 main components:
Theoretical Tests (2) => 50%‏
Lab Assignments (5) / Lab Test => 30%
Lab Project => 20%‏
Assignments are assessed individually
The two tests are written tests
Lab Project : Group of 3 students (max)
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

5. EKT120: Computer Programming
References
Deitel & Deitel, Sudin, S., Ahmad, R. Badlishah, and Yacob, Y., “C How to Program”, Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2006.
Cheng, H., “C for Engineers and Scientists”, McGraw Hill, 2010.
Hanly, J.R. and Koffman, E.B., “C Program Design for Engineers”, 2nd Ed., Addison-Wesley, 2001.
ISBN :
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

6. EKT120: Computer Programming
Notes
This course is NOT about the language per se, it is about problem solving, analytical skills and to apply C to solve problems.
Write C program in Linux environment.
Do early reading.
Do not hesitate to ask during lecture sessions.
How to download lecture notes and lab exercises from portal!!!
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

7. EKT120: Computer Programming
Outline
Computer Fundamentals
Computer organization and hardware
Computer software
Programming Languages
Machine language
Assembly language
High-level language
Algorithm : pseudo code and flowchart
Control Structures
Simple C Program
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

8. Computer Fundamentals
Computer system is divided into hardware and software.
Hardware refers to physical components of computer which are:
Main Memory
Central Processing Unit (CPU)‏
Input Device
Output Device
Secondary Memory Device
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

9. EKT120: Computer Programming
Figure The Intel Atom processor chip contains the full circuitry of a central processing unit in an integrated circuit whose small size and low power requirements make it suitable for use in mobile internet devices. (Intel Corporation Pressroom Photo Archives)
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

10. EKT120: Computer Programming
Figure (a) Notebook Computer (HP Pavilion dv5©, Courtesy of Hewlett-Packard).   (b) Palmtop Computer (iPhone 3G©, Courtesy of Apple, Inc.) (c) Desktop Computer (iMac©, Courtesy of Apple, Inc.)
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

11. Figure 1.3 Components of a Computer
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

12. Computer Hardware CPU Control Unit Input Device
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Output Device
Register
Main Memory
Secondary Memory
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

13. Central Processing Unit (CPU)‏
CPU is the computer’s administrator and is responsible for supervising the operation of the other sections
Consists of two functional units; control unit and arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)‏
Control unit supervises all activities of the computer system
ALU performs basic arithmetic operations and comparison operations
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

14. EKT120: Computer Programming
Main Memory
keeps information from the input unit
also keeps processed information until it can be placed on output devices
all programs must be loaded into main memory before they can be executed and all data must be brought into main memory before it can be manipulated.
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

15. EKT120: Computer Programming
Main Memory
Main memory can be further classified into two types:
Random Access Memory (RAM)‏
information in RAM will be lost when the computer is turned-off.
Read Only Memory (ROM)‏
It has been set during manufacturing process. ROM usually contains instructions and information considered to be fundamental to the computer.
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

16. Figure 1.4 1000 Memory Cells in Main Memory
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

17. EKT120: Computer Programming
Secondary Memory
Main memory is only used during processing following certain instructions
Permanent information is NOT stored in main memory but is stored in secondary memory
E.g. program file, data file, etc
E.g. hard disk, diskette, CD
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

18. Figure 1.5 Secondary Storage Media
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

19. EKT120: Computer Programming
Input/Output Devices
Input devices - feed data and programs into computers
E.g. keyboard, mouse, touch screen, scanners
Output devices - display results produced by computer
E.g. monitor, printer, speaker
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

20. EKT120: Computer Programming
Software
As a complement to hardware, computer system needs software to solve problems.
Software are classified into :
System software
Application software
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

21. EKT120: Computer Programming
Software
System software : manages the computer and its peripheral devices (hardware)
E.g. Operating system (OS)‏
Text editor
Pre-processor
Language translator
Linker
Loader
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

22. EKT120: Computer Programming
Software
Application software : performs specific tasks
There are two types:
Program to solve specific problems
Program written by user to solve specified problem
E.g. word processor, desktop publishing software, spreadsheets, database, graphics, communication, programs perform specific tasks such as accounting, scientific, engineering, education, etc
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

23. Programming Languages
Programming language is divided into three categories:
Machine Language
Assembly Language
High-Level Language
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

24. EKT120: Computer Programming
Machine Language
Language understood by the computer
Bunch of 0’s and 1’s
Program written in machine language can be executed without being translated
Nevertheless, hard to learn because it is written in 0’s and 1’s
Program is too long to solve simple problem
Machine-dependant and not portable
E.g.
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

25. Figure 1.6 Relationship Between a Byte and a Bit
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

26. EKT120: Computer Programming
Assembly Language
Strings of 0’s and 1’s are replaced into instructions which resemble English language to represent computer operation element
Easier to understand and write
E.g.
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

27. EKT120: Computer Programming
Assembly Language
Nevertheless, needs language translator called Assembler to change Assembly Language to Machine Code for execution purpose
still too long and not portable
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

28. EKT120: Computer Programming
High-Level Language
Improves weaknesses in Machine Language and Assembly Language
Portable
Written in one instruction to carry out several instructions in machine level
E.g. discount_price = price – discount;
Must be changed to machine code before executed, needs compiler : a system software that translates source program to object program
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

29. EKT120: Computer Programming
Algorithms
The solution to any computing problem involves executing series of actions in a specific order
Pseudo code : artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms
E.g.
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50
Print “Pass”
else
Print “Fail”
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

30. EKT120: Computer Programming
Algorithms
Flowchart: visual-form of an algorithm
E.g.
Begin
Data
Process 1
Decision
Process 2
End
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

31. Algorithm-Basic symbols in a flowchart
Flow direction
Start/End
Process
Connector
Input/Output
Decision
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

32. Flowchart-(example)‏
Start
read num1, num2
sum=num1+num2
print sum
End
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

33. EKT120: Computer Programming
TRY THIS!!!
Write a pseudo code, flowchart and program that calculates and prints the SUM of two integers A and B.
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

34. EKT120: Computer Programming
Flowchart
Begin
Input
A,B
Calculate
A + B
Print SUM
End
Pseudo code
Begin
Input A and B
Calculate A + B
Print result of SUM
End
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

35. EKT120: Computer Programming
Control Structure
All programs could be written in terms of three control structures:
Sequence structure
Selection structure
Repetition structure
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

36. EKT120: Computer Programming
Sequence Structure
Is a series of steps executed sequentially by default
Pseudo code
Flowchart
Read num1, num2
Calculate total=num1+num2
Print total
Read num1, num2
total = num1+num2
print total
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

37. EKT120: Computer Programming
Selection Structure
Used to choose among alternative courses of action
C has three types: if, if..else, and switch
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

38. The if Selection Structure
“if” structure is a single-entry/single- exit structure
true
false
grade >= 60
print “Pass”
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Pass”
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

39. The if..else Selection Structure
Specifies an action to be performed both when the condition is true and when it is false
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “Pass”
else Print “Fail”
true
false
print “Fail”
print “Pass”
grade >= 60
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

40. EKT120: Computer Programming
Repetition Structure
Specifies a block of one or more statements that are repeatedly executed until a condition is satisfied
Three types : while, for,
do-while
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

41. The while Repetition Structure
Programmer specifies an action is to be repeated while some conditions remain true
product <= 1000
product = 2 * product
true
false
While product is less than or equal 1000
calculate product=2 * product
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

42. Basics of a Typical C Program Development Environment
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

43. EKT120: Computer Programming
Figure 1.7 Entering, Translating, and Running a High-Level Language Program
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

44. Figure 1.8 Flow of Information During Program Execution
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

45. Simple C Program: Program to add two numbers
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)‏ {
int A, B, SUM;
printf (“input first integer \n”);
scanf (“%d”, &A)‏
printf (“input second integer \n”);
scanf (“%d”, &B)‏
SUM = A + B;
printf (“Sum is %d\n”, SUM);
return 0; }
OUTPUT
Input first integer 39
Input second integer 27
Sum is 66
Things to do:
1. Download lecture notes from portal
2. Download lab exercises for Week 1 from portal
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming

46. EKT120: Computer Programming
End Week 1 – Session 1
Q & A!
UniMAP Sem II – 09/10
EKT120: Computer Programming