1. Reurbanisation the movement of people back into urban areas

2. Definitions
Reurbanisation – the movement of people back to live in old city centres which have been redeveloped
Suburban intensification – improvement and development of the suburbs via the introduction of new services and increased building densities. It is when there is an influx of larger shops and shopping centres and also houses with large gardens are replaced with flats, leading to a higher population density and an intensification of the suburbs.

3. Fighting against counterurbanisation
The table shows that despite there being a 13.2% fall in inner city London population between , there was a 4% growth in inner London and a total of 4.1% growth in greater and outer London giving London a total of 8% urban growth 2001 and 2006, therefore going against the trend of counter urbanisation.
There is also just a 0.1% increase in south Yorkshire showing that the more rural areas are barely growing. However between 2001 and 2006 there has been a 5.5% fall in the population of Glasgow city, showing that there is a trend in counter urbanisation.
overall when everything is added together looking at these areas there is an overall trend of urbanisation not counter urbanisation in recent times, with 1.6% of the population moving to urban areas between 2001 and 2006.

4. Fighting against counterurbanisation
To fight counterurbanisation cities are coming up with strategies to encourage the movement of people back into urban areas
Cities will try and tackle the push factors that cause counterurbanisation, such as congestion, pollution, and house prices
They are doing this using several methods such as making housing more affordable for lower income families, for instance 40% of new housing in the London Docklands was to be sold at an affordable price to original residents

5. Fighting against counterurbanisation
Improving the skills of original residents is another tactic to prevent counterurbanisation
By I proving the skills of locals such as what the City Gateway charity did in the London Docklands means that original residents will not move out of an area when gentrification occurs
Enterprise zones are set up by which taxes are lowered and planning restrictions relaxed in order to encourage businesses to locate to the area, for instance enterprise zones in the London Docklands meant that by business had set up in the Docklands and the area attracted £7.7 billion
Improving transport links can also be used to battle counterurbanisation as it should reduce congestion and pollution. In Coventry the park and ride scheme set up in the memorial park means that less cars will be entering the city centre. Also the buses are electric buses which reduces emissions
New facilities can also be built in the urban areas to entice people to stay. For instance in the Docklands 5 new health centres were built and the ones that already existed were refurbished.

6. Positive impacts of reurbanisation
Economy of city is boosted as people move back in due to the opening of new shops and services
Due to this a reduction in unemployment occurs as these new shops and services offers jobs for the people of the city
This can also have a knock on effect and reduce other factors such as crime rate due to reduced unemployment
Due to more shops and services being opened tourism in the city may increase
This would bring more money into the city which can then be used to improve the city further, ie building more attractions or improving public transport
Due to people moving back into the city they may also bring their families with them which means more children in the city
This can benefit local state schools as it means they will have more pupils attending the school
Despite this because people moving back into the city are generally wealthier people they may chose to send their children to fee paying schools which may be better performing schools which are not located within the city

7. Negative impacts of reurbanisation
People originally living in the city centre and inner city may be on lower incomes than the wealthier individuals moving back in
This means that the original residents may no longer be able to afford living in the area and may have to relocate to cheaper areas in the city
Because of this tension between original and new residents may arise which could increase crime rates
New jobs created by the wealthier individuals may not be available to the original residents who are semiskilled workers who may not have the qualifications to apply to some of the new jobs available
New shops and other public services like cafes may target the new wealthier inhabitants which means that the original residents may not be able to afford items in the new shops and will have to travel elsewhere to shop

8. Causes of reurbanisation
Reurbanisation can be caused by push or pull factors
Push factors are factors which force people away from where they currently are
Pull factors are factors which entice people to a new area

9. Push factors Lack of jobs in some rural or suburban areas
Rural areas consist of fewer leisure, recreational, or entertainment facilities, for instance factors regarding nightlife
This means people have to travel distances to get to these facilities which may encourage them to move closer to the facilities
Counter urbanisation can create high house prices in rural areas as wealthy people are moving away from the urban areas and into rural areas in the search of more space to live due to overcrowding in the inner city areas

10. Pull factors
Wealthy people are attracted to the city in search of new developments
This opportunity comes about due to industries moving out of the inner city via deindustrialisation and suburbanisation
This means land is left derelict such as warehouses
The government encourages development of brownfield sites rather than greenfield sites so it is a good opportunity for wealthy individuals to develop these derelict areas into high quality apartments for instance
Urban development corporations buy derelict land within the city and decide how it should be used in order to encourage people back into the city ie they will encourage business back into these areas
Most universities are in urban areas so students move into urban areas for education
Young people may want to live close to their work and entertainment facilities which are mainly located in urban areas
Once reurbanisation starts it encourages other businesses also to invest within the inner city

11. Managing reurbanisation
Reurbanisation projects – guaranteeing affordable housing. Redevelopment programme in Camden guaranteed that 25% of new homes on the site would be affordable to council tenants and people on low incomes
Charitable projects – aim to improve skills of existing population in inner city areas. This aims to increase employment levels. City Gateway is a charity set up in London Docklands. They run training courses to help disadvantaged young people learn new skills so that they cn be employed in the area

12. Features of reurbanisation and suburban intensification
Gentrification
Upgrading local shopping areas
Large scale investment programmes and redevelopment schemes
Sustainable communities
Improved property value
Larger presence of upper/middle class families
New residential, commercial, leisure and recreational buildings
Improved transport links
Employment
Enterprise zones
Retail and business parks
Densely packed housing

13. Gentrification High income families move back into the city centre
This improves property value
This means lower income families are forced out as they cannot afford the housing now
Smaller business' are also displaced due to wealthier individuals renovating houses and stores

14. New uses for buildings
Old shopping centre in Coventry city centre has been converted into a restaurant

15. Changing building densities
New apartments built in Coventry city centre. Due to developments to Coventry university within the city centre new student accommodation has had to be built to house the increase in students attending the university

16. Upgrading shopping areas
Refurbishments to the lower precinct in Coventry city centre

17. Improved transport links
Introduction of park and ride schemes to avoid congestion in the city centre. The buses running this route are electric buses also which reduces emissions

18. Retail and business parks
Coventry business park located in Canley. Bus routes around the area make it easily accessible from town, with bus lanes located around the business park

19. New recreational buildings
Developments of Coventry university have brought about the Coventry university sports building which is open to the public too