1. Interact: Ch 19 Outline Chapter 19, pgs 404-430
Early Latin America
Chapter 19, pgs

2. Interact: Ch 19 Outline
Question
Iberian =
Encomienda =

3. Spain & Portugal: Conquest
Iberia shaped by frontier experience
Iberian Society & Tradition
Society dominated by urban elites & rural masses w/ gov influenced by lawyer bureaucracy & catholic church
many Iberian traditions adapted in Americas

4. Chronology of Conquest
to 1570:
to 1700:
to 1800:

5. Caribbean Crucible Caribbean proved to be a testing ground
Labor systems
Administrative institutions
↳Sets stage for colonial system in Mexico, Peru, & Brazil

6. Paths of Conquest After Caribbean, two pronged conquest:
Mexico
Peru
↳ Conquest then branched out, facing stiff resistance

7. The Conquerors Conquest forged by initiative of humble men
Motivated by greed & conversion
Created new nobility
Success from Spanish technology & American divisions

8. Destruction & Transformation
Conquest & Morality
Brutality → debate about nature of natives
Bartolome de Las Casas
Destruction & Transformation
Disease decimated native societies

9. Exploitation of the Indians
Excessive use of native institutions → destruction
1st Encomiendas (colonists)
2nd Mita (gov’t)

10. Colonial Econ & Gov
2nd step: Colonization
Formal institutions & civilized society established
Settlement of women, missionaries, administrators, artisans

11. Silver Heart of an Empire
Massive silver mines heart of colonial econ
Labor system evolved with colonial development
Supported gov’t & all other industries
Haciendas & Villages
Ag still most common economic activity
Large aristocratic estates for export

13. Industry & Commerce Spanish America became self-sufficient
Local industry
Silver dominated royal commercial interest
Heavily regulated; fleet system developed
Wealth squandered

14. Ruling an Empire: State
1 of 2
Ruling an Empire: State
King
Council of Indies
Viceroy of New Spain
Viceroy of Peru
Provincial court
administrators
Local Bureaucrats

15. Ruling an Empire: Church
2 of 2
Ruling an Empire: Church
Trained lawyer bureaucracy dominated legal, legislative, military functions of gov’t
But…
Church dominated social service functions of gov’t
Especially in frontier areas
Education

16. Brazil: First Plantation Colony

17. Sugar & Slavery Dominated by plantations & labor-intensive sugar
Social hierarchy reflected plantation slavery
Whites
Mixed
Slaves
Administration mirrored Spanish America
More dependent

18. Brazil’s Age of Gold Increased Caribbean competition hurts Brazil
Discovery of gold = mixed blessing

19. Multiracial Societies
Sociedad de Castas
Society of races
Europeans: Peninsulares, Creoles
Castas: Mestizos, Mulattos
Africans & Indians

20. 18th Century Reforms Shifting Balance
3rd step: Reform
Enlightenment ideas & Iberian decline force change
Shifting Balance
Spain weakened by debt & war began losing American monopoly
Caribbean mirrored Brazil under Dutch & English

21. Bourbon Reforms (Spanish America)
Reforms centered on restoring royal control & economic efficiency
Politically disrupted Creoles’ patterns of influence
Economically developed new areas

22. Pombal Reforms (Brazil)
Reforms in Brazil mirror Spanish efforts
Politically disrupted Jesuits’ patterns of influence
Economically mercantilism adopted
Diversified economy

23. Reforms, Reactions, & Revolts
Population growth & activist gov created social unrest
Ethnic divisions undercut revolution
Global Connections
Americas emerge as globally significant
Colonies more diverse & complex than seem

24. Interact: Ch 19 Outline
Question
What are the similarities and differences between the Spanish American and Brazil?