1. January 10, 2017 Objective: I can review for midterm exam. Launch:
Homework: Regent Question
Study for midterm (3 periods) January 12 &13
Castle Learning due 1/12

2. Launch

5. January 23, 2017 Objective: I can review for midterm exam. Launch:
Homework:
Complete Castle learning midterm assignment DUE TOMORROW, TUES 1/24/17 AT 8AM.
Castle Learning

6. Launch

8. Scientific Method Hypothesis
A predicted answer to a scientific question
Problem
Question; First step in the scientific method
Conclusion
Decision made about the outcome of an experiment
Control
Part of the experiment without the variable
Placebo
Fake drug or group that doesn’t get the treatment
Independent variable
Condition that is changed
X-axis on a graph
Dependent variable
Condition that changes or responds to the change
Y-axis on a graph

9. Lab Skills

10. Lab Skills: Microscope
Under low magnification, you see…
Less detail, more specimen
Under high magnification, you see
More detail, less specimen
Under high power, you should ONLY use this adjustment knob?
Fine adjustment knob

11. Microscope

12. Lab Skills: Indicators
What indicated the presence of starch?
Lugol’s Iodine solution; Starch indicator solution
What indicated the presence of glucose?
Benedict’s Solution = Glucose indicator solution
What type of indicator is used to determine the pH of a substance?
pH paper and litmus paper

13. Biochemistry List the 4 organic compounds and their building blocks…
Example of a
complex molecule
Building Blocks
simple molecule
Carbohydrates
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
starch
Simple sugars
glucose
Enzymes
Hormones
Proteins
Amino acids
Lipid
Oils, waxes
Fatty acid
Nucleic Acid
DNA
Nucleotide

14. Into which family of organic compounds do enzymes belong?
Proteins
What is the job of an enzyme?
Proteins that speed up rate of chemical reaction
Enzymes are ____________ specific.
shape
What happens to an enzyme if the temperature or pH of the environment drastically changes?
Enzyme stops working; denatures
What are the 2 types of reactions that require the assistance of enzymes?
Digestion and synthesis

15. Animal vs. Plant Cells

16. Plant Cell Nuclear Membrane Nucleus Cell Membrane cytoplasm Cell Wall
Large Vacuole
chloroplast

17. Make it’s own food

18. Rough ER
mitochondria
Animal Cell
Golgi Body
Vacuole
Nucleus
cytoplasm
Nuclear membrane
Cell membrane

19. Metabolism
Total of all life functions required to sustain life
Homeostasis
Steady internal conditions that must be maintained by organism
Aka: regulation, constant state, dynamic equilibrium, and control

20. Life Functions R+R+R+E+G+N+T+S = Regulation Reproduction Respiration
Excretion
Growth
Nutrition
Transport
Synthesis
R+R+R+E+G+N+T+S =
Metabolism

21. Energy is released through which life function?
Cellular respiration
In which organelle?
Mitochondria

22. What is synthesized at the ribosome?
Protein
What is the function of the nucleus?
Control center; controls all metabolic functions
What is found inside the nucleus?
DNA

23. What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls what goes in and out
Helps to retain cell’s shape
To send and receive messages between cells communication

24. What cell structure do autotrophs have that heterotrophs do not?

25. Transport Controls what goes in and out Helps to retain cell’s shape
To send and receive messages between cells communication
Protein
Phospholipids
Cell Membrane

26. Name the 2 types of transport
Diffusion & Active transport
Which type of transport requires energy to move molecules across the gradient?
Active transport
Name one factor that determines which molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane.
Size of molecules
How are molecules moving when they move DOWN a concentration gradient?
High to Low
Describe the process of osmosis
Water passes through a semipermeable membrane, moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

27. Describe the process of osmosis
Water passes through a semipermeable membrane, moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

28. Describe what happens to a cell when it is placed in very SALTY water (a hypertonic solution)?
Shrinks

29. Transport Hill Passive Transport No ATP Required Diffusion/Osmosis
HIGH
Active Transport
ATP Required
LOW
LOW

30. Cellular Respiration

31. Carbon dioxide, water, & ATP
What are the reactants (raw materials)?
What are the products?
In which organelle does respiration take place?
Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Which type of respiration is more efficient?
Why?
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
While all living things carry out respiration, name the groups of organisms that perform photosynthesis.
How many ATP are produced during anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration?
When anaerobic respiration takes place in our muscle cells, what is being created when we feel muscle fatigue?
Oxygen & sugar
Carbon dioxide, water, & ATP
mitochondria
Aerobic= oxygen
Anaerobic = without oxygen
Aerobic make 36 ATP
Opposite
Autotrophs
Anaerobic= 2 ATP
Aerobic = 36 ATP
Lactic Acid

32. Photosynthesis

33. Water & Carbon dioxide Sugar, oxygen, & water Sun Leaf
What are the reactants (raw materials)?
What are the products?
What is the energy source for the process?
What is the photosynthetic organ of the plant?
What is the least effective color of light for photosynthesis? Why?
Water & Carbon dioxide
Sugar, oxygen, & water
Sun
Leaf
Green, not absorbed.

34. Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade Layer
Mesophyll
Phloem & Xylem
Air space
Stoma
Guard Cells

36. Exchange of gases Reduce water loss Reduce dehydration stoma
Guard cell
Guard cells regulate the stomata
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, & water vapor

37. Genetics A-T & G-C nucleotide Heredity Genes DNA is
Genes
DNA is
Four base pairs (pair them up according to the complimentary base):
Sketch a nucleotide and label the parts
DNA replication
Transfer of genes from parents to their offspring
Structures that codes information for inheritance of traits
nucleotide
A-T & G-C
To make an exact copy of DNA

38. DNA Replication

39. A-U & G-C messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
RNA is
3 types of RNA:
Four base pairs (pair them up according to the complimentary base):
Steps of protein synthesis:
Describe
What determines which proteins will be produced?
List some proteins that are produced by protein synthesis.
messenger RNA (mRNA),
ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
transfer RNA (tRNA)
A-U & G-C
transcription
translation
DNA mRNA protein
(nucleus)
(cytoplasm)
The codon of the mRNA determines what amino acid is added to a protein chain.
Enzymes; Hormones;
Receptor Molecules
Antibodies/Antigens

40. Why are mutations usually disadvantageous?
What is a mutation?
Why are mutations usually disadvantageous?
When are mutations advantageous?
An alteration in the sequence of DNA
It disrupts the function of a protein.
Increase variation in a species
Increase biodiversity
Leads to an advantageous adaptation making it better able to survive

41. NYS Lab: Transport Through the Membrane
Substance
Indicator
Color Change
Starch
Glucose
Iodine
Golden brown  blue black
Benedict’s solution of Glucose indicator solution
Blue  Brick red

42. What does the dialysis tubing represent?
The cell (cell membrane)

43. How should you place a cover slip onto a slide?
Put the coverslip onto the slide on an angle to reduce air bubbles
How do you prepare a wet mount?
Drop of water on slide
Put specimen on slide
Add coverslip

44. How do you add a substance, like salt solution, to a prepared wet mount?
Add salt water to side of coverslip
Put paper towel on the opposite side of coverslip

45. Describe what happened to a cell when you place it in…
Salt water
Shrinks
Distilled water
Swells

46. In the space given below sketch each of the following:
Normal plant cell
In salt water
In distilled water

47. What is an advantage to staining (with methylene blue) a cell?
To see the cell structures better.