1. THE CELL

2. Intro to Cells
1. Cells are basic units of structure and function in living things.
2. Cells can only be observed under a microscope.
3. Three Basic Types of Cells: animal, plant, and bacteria

4. I. Intro to the Cell Developing the Cell Theory Robert Hooke
In 1665 viewed cork cells; gave name because they reminded him of empty little boxes or rooms.

5. 2. Mathias Schleiden
In 1830’s he identified the first plant cells and concluded all plants must be made of cells

6. 3. Thomas Schwann
Together with Schleiden concluded that animals are made of cells.

7. 4. Rudolph Virchow
Twenty years later in 1855 Rudolf Virchow proposed an important extension of cell theory that "All living cells arise from pre-existing cells". ("Omnis cellula e celula") This statement has become what is known as the "Biogenic law".

8. CELL THEORY PROPOSED BY SCHLEIDEN, SCHWANN AND VIRCHOW
ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS
THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE IN ALL LIVING THINGS
ALL CELLS COME FROM EXISTING CELLS

10. NUMBER OF CELLS ORGANISMS MAY BE: UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR
COMPOSED OF ONE CELL
MULTICELLULAR
COMPOSED OF MANY CELLS THAT MAY ORGANIZE

11. Two Basic Cell Types 1) Prokaryote Lacks internal compartments.
No true nucleus.
Most are single-celled (unicellular) organisms.
Examples: bacteria

12. PROKARYOTES ALSO CALLED BACTERIA WORLD’S SMALLEST CELLS NO NUCLEUS
DNA IS ONE LONG CIRCULAR SHAPED BAND
MOST COVERED BY CELL WALL
NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
PROBABLY FIRST TYPE OF CELLS ON EARTH

13. Two Basic Cell Types 2) Eukaryote
Has several internal structures (organelles).
True nucleus.
Either unicellular or multicellular.
unicellular example: yeast
multicellular examples:
plants and animals

14. EUKAROYTIC Cell
Prokaryotic Cell

15. PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE NO NUCLEUS NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
CIRCULAR DNA
BACTERIA
NUCLEUS
MEMBRANE –BOUND ORGANELLES
LINEAR DNA
ALL OTHER CELLS

16. B. All Cells Have 1. cell membrane 2. nucleus or nuclear material
3. cytoplasm

17. Looking Inside Cells Levels of Organization
Living things and nonliving things as well are organized in levels of increasing complexity. What are the levels of organization of your school building?

18. Cells Complete the web with four characteristics of cells.
All organisms -living things-
are made of
cells.
Cells do the
jobs that keep
organisms
alive.
Cells
Cells are the smallest
part of a living thing.
These cells are like
tiny building blocks.

19. Parts of the Cell

20. CELL MEMBRANE

21. Protective layer around cell
CELL MEMBRANE
Protective layer around cell
Regulates interactions between cell and it’s environment
Controls what enters and exits

22. CYTOPLASM

23. CYTOPLASM Gelatin-like substance; constantly flowing
Many important chemical reactions occur in it and most of life’s processes occur in it
Contains a framework called cytoskeleton; helps maintain shape

24. CELL WALL

25. CELL WALL
CELLS OF PLANTS, ALGAE, FUNGUS, AND SOME BACTERIA HAVE HARD CELL WALL
PROVIDES STRENGTH AND SUPPORT TO CELL MEMBRANE
CELLS OF MUSHROOMS, MOLD AND YEAST HAVE CELL WALL MADE OF CHEMICAL SIMILAR TO COVERING OF INSECTS

26. NUCLEUS

27. NUCLEUS LARGEST AND MOST VISIBLE ORGANELLE IN EUKARYOTES
NUCLEUS MEANS KERNEL OR NUT
COVERED BY MEMBRANE
CONTROL CENTER OF CELL(DIRECTS ALL CELL ACTIVITIES)
STORES DNA (LONG THREADLIKE MATERIAL THAT CONTAINS CODE FOR CELL ACTIVITIES)
HAS INFO ON HOW TO MAKE PROTEINS

28. RIBOSOMES

29. RIBOSOMES
MAKES THE PROTEINS WHICH ARE MADE UP OF AMINO ACIDS USED BY THE BODY FOR GROWTH AND REPLACEMENT AND REPAIR OF BODY CELLS
NOT MEMBRANE BOUND
SOME FLOAT FREELY; OTHERS ARE ATTACHED TO THE ER

30. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

31. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
MAKES LIPIDS AND OTHER MATERIALS FOR USE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF CELL
BREAKS DOWN DRUGS AND OTHER CHEMICALS THAT COULD DAMAGE A CELL
INTERNAL DELIVERY SYSTEM OF CELL; MOVES SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER
SMOOTH ER (NO ATTACHED RIBOSOMES); ROUGH ER (RIBOSOMES ATTACHED)

33. MITOCHONDRIA
ENERGY FOR THE CELL (ATP) IS PRODUCED AT THE MITOCHONDRIA (BREAKS DOWN FOOD INTO CO2 AND WATER)
WE BREATHE AIR TO MAKE SURE OUR MITOCHONDRIA HAVE OXYGEN THEY NEED TO MAKE ATP
HIGHLY ACTIVE CELLS LIKE THE HEART AND LIVER HAVE THOUSANDS
OTHERS HAVE ONLY A FEW

35. CHLOROPLASTS CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL ( ONLY IN PLANTS AND BACTERIA)
MAKES FOOD IN PLANTS; CONVERTS SUNLIGHT, CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER INTO SUGAR

37. GOLGI BODIES STACKED, FLATTENED MEMBRANES
SORT PROTEINS, PACKAGE THEM, AND DELIVER THEM AROUND THE CELL

39. VACUOLES STORE WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS
SOME PLANTS WILT WHEN THEIR CELL VACUOLES LOSE WATER
VACUOLES ARE USUALLY THE LARGEST ORGANELLE IN A PLANT CELL

41. LYSOSOMES CONTAIN ENZYMES DESTROY WORN OUT OR DAMAGED ORGANELLES
GET RID OF WASTE MATERIALS
PROTECT CELL FROM FOREIGN INVADERS