1. Handling and Evaluation of lung biopsies

2. objectives
1. Handling and Evaluation of lung biopsies 2. Understand methods for detection

3. Lungs introduction
The lungs are part of our respiratory system along with the trachea, bronchioles, nasal cavity, larynx and the pharynx.
Without our respiratory system our bodies would not be able to breathe in the oxygen we need to live.
trachea القصبة الهوائية
bronchiolesالقصيبات
larynx الحنجرة
Pharynx البلعوم

4. Lung structure
The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

5. Lung Structure

6. Lungs functions
Your lungs, as part of the respiratory system work to bring oxygen into the body and exhale waste gases such as carbon dioxide out of the body. As this takes place your lungs expand and decrease in size.
Your lungs, as part of the respiratory system work to bring oxygen into the body and exhale waste gases such as carbon dioxide out of the body.
الرئه بحدث فيها انقباض وانبساط او زياده وتقلص في حجم الرئه حتى تاخد اكسجين وتتخلص من ثاني اكسيد الكربون

10. Where does the oxygen go?
The blood cells that circulate through tiny blood vessels near the lungs pick up oxygen and carry it around the body to the sites of respiration.
The oxygen will soon react with glucose to produce energy that our bodies need.

11. Other Functions Help in the regulation of blood pressure.
Balance the pH of blood.
Filter out small blood clot from veins.
Influence the concentration of some biologic substances and drugs used in medicine in blood.
Provide airflow for the creation of vocal sounds.

12. Location of your lungs
The base of your lungs rests on the diaphragm. The diaphragm separates the lungs and heart from the organs in your abdomen.
As the background picture shows your lungs are enclosed within your rib cage. They are protected by the breast bone, back bone as well as the rib cage.

13. Overview
Pulmonary allograft biopsies are an important aspect in the care of lung transplant patients.
The biopsies are reviewed to assess for histological findings that may reveal acute rejection, infection, airway inflammation, chronic rejection (bronchiolitis obliterans), and/or vascular rejection.

15. Cont.
Evaluating tissue for the presence of infection is very important as an infectious process may occur simultaneously with rejection and be a confounding factor in the interpretation of lung transplant biopsies.
Additional diagnostic comments may be made about the presence or absence of chronic airway rejection (bronchiolitis obliterans), as well as chronic vascular rejection.

17. Diseases of the Lung

18. Lung Cancer
Lung cancer, like all cancers is a disease that disrupts the DNA in your body’s cells. There are many different causes that can cause lung cancer; smoking, air pollution, and radon gas etc.
There are two types, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.
These are determined by the appearance of the tumor cells.

19. Lung Cancer

20. Types and Staging of Lung Cancer
There are two major types of lung cancer: 
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)  
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
Staging lung cancer is based on whether the cancer is local or has spread from the lungs to the lymph nodes or other organs. Because the lungs are large, tumors can grow in them for a long time before they are found.

21. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for about 85% of lung cancers and includes:
Adenocarcinoma, the most common form of lung cancer in the United States among both men and women.
Squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for 25% of all lung cancers.
Large cell carcinoma, which accounts for about 10% of NSCLC tumors.

22. STAGES OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
Stage I: The cancer is located only in the lungs and has not spread to any lymph nodes.
Stage II: The cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.
Stage III: Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.

23. Stage IV: This is the most advanced stage of lung cancer, and is also described as advanced disease. This is when the cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid in the area around the lungs, or to another part of the body, such as the liver or other organs.

25. Small Cell Lung Cancer
Small cell lung cancer accounts for the remaining 15% of lung cancers in the United States. They tend to grow more quickly than NSCLC tumors. Usually, SCLC is more responsive to chemotherapy than NSCLC.

26. Stages of Small Cell Lung Cancer
Limited stage: In this stage, cancer is found on one side of the chest, involving just one part of the lung and nearby lymph nodes.
Extensive stage: In this stage, cancer has spread to other regions of the chest or other parts of the body.

28. Normal Lung

32. Silicosis
Silicosis is a respiratory disease caused by inhaling silica dust.
Three types of silicosis exist; simple chronic, accelerated and acute silicosis.
It can be detected by either
a chest x-ray, pulmonary
function tests purified
protein derivative or a
skin test.
The outcome varies on the
amount of damage to the
lungs.

33. Silicosis

34. simple chronic, accelerated and acute silicosis.

35. Other lung diseases & problems
Asthma – is a chronic, ongoing lung disease linked to acute flare-ups or attacks of difficulty with breathing.
Pneumonia - is a general term for a wide variety of conditions that cause an inflammation of the lungs.
Bronchitis – is an inflammation of the air passages within the lungs.
Pulmonary fibrosis – is hardening or scarring of lung tissue because of excess collagen.

37. Cont.
COPD – is a chronic, ongoing, progressive disease of the lower respiratory tract in the lungs.
Cystic fibrosis – is a chronic, progressive and debilitating disease that affects the lungs, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
Mesothelioma – is a relatively rare cancer, that is usually associated with asbestos.

38. Cont.
Tuberculosis – is a bacteria that usually causes disease in the lung.
Collapsed lung – is a condition where all or part of the lung collapses or deflates due to the space between the lung and the chest cavity becoming filled with air.
Lung abscess – is having pus in the lung.
Respiratory infections – is any infection that occurs to the respiratory system.

40. How to keep your lungs healthy
Don’t smoke anything.
Maintain a healthy diet.
Try to exercise regularly.
Being immunized can lower your risk of contracting a lung condition.
Use a humidifier to help keep your home as free of irritants and germs as possible.

42. Thank You For Your Attention