1. The Challenge of Mediating ASL and ENGLish
Chapter 9

2. Become fluent Study the linguistics of ENGLISH
Study the linguistics of ASL

3. Jourdain, this chapter’s for you! :D
Linguistic differences – challenges for interpreters See textbook fig pages
Differences to Know between ASL and ENG:
Modality
Grammatical Structure
Time / Tense Markers
Negation / Affirmation
Determining Meaning
Affect Markers
Noun / Verb Modifiers
Pronouns
Numbers
Voice (yes, even for ASL – primarily “active” voice –not referring to audible / oral / aural concept)

4. Other features of asl & eng
Feature differences include:
Prosody – Helps receivers/listeners determine & predict meaning
Rhythm, pattern, phraseology & pausing
Example: Be sure to put the right em-PHA-sis on the correct syll-AB-ble (if the stress or accent is not right, it becomes more difficult to understand)

5. Other features of asl & eng (cont’d)
To achieve the appropriate rhythm / pattern / pace, a combination of elements are employed:
ASL – Has no written or auditory form
Spatial based on visual perception & conveyance of ideas, info, feelings, abstract concepts, etc.
Time-Oriented
Rule-governed hand-signals (signs)
Accompanying facial/physical markers (non-manual signals)
Visual intonation patterns
Restricted use of functional elements (articles: a, an, the), etc.
Visual incorporation of the auxiliary verb (“to be” is understood) (Hmm…to be or not to be…am, is, are, were)
Uses spatial referents to establish meaning / utterance
ENGLISH – Has a written & auditory form
Linear, auditory intonation
Content Elements for substance & meaning
Nouns
Verbs
Functional Elements (for transition & cohesion)
Articles (a, an, the)
Prepositions / Prepositional phrases (for , for the children)
Conjunctions (and, but)
Antecedents (it, them, those, all)

6. Both languages drop form
ENGLISH (Take ASL 21-ASL to ENG!)
When interpreting from ENG to ASL:
Drop ENG form-
Don’t use ENG word order
Don’t mouth ENG
Use mouth morphemes
Express the actual meaning of what is being said in a way the audience would understand
Use ASL equivalent language / visuals / classifiers / idioms, etc.
Use expansion techniques(1-couching, 2-explain by example / scaffolding, 3-contrasting, 4- faceting, 5-reiteration, 6-use of 3-D space, 7-describe-then, do or act it out / take on or become or personify the character)
ASL (Learn more in the ASL 22 – ENG to ASL class!)
When interpreting from ASL to ENG:
Drop ASL form:
Don’t GLOSS or use ASL order (rhetorical questions, etc.)
Use ENG equivalent idioms
Avoid redundant utterances - Use compression techniques (to condense what Deaf people tend to express in expanded or redundant form)

7. Showing meaning helps you drop (asl or eng) form
Ashley, this chapter is for you
FIG.9-1
SOME MEANINGS OF “RUN”
FROM PAGE 195 (TEXTBOOK)
TRIP
My son is going to run to the store.
HURRY
See you later. I have to run!
COMPETE / CAMPAIGN
She is running for president.
TENDENCY
Diabetes runs in the family.
DRIVE
The drunk driver ran him down.
UNRAVEL
She has a run in her stockings.
MOVEMENT OF LIQUID
The creek runs down a hill.
The child has a runny nose.
STREAM BED
I’ll meet you at the run (cultural term).
CONFINED AREA FOR ANIMALS / SEMI-TRUCKS
I like that house / freeway because it has a large/long run.
Can you think of others? Nose run, run copies, machine, biz, amuck, etc.

8. Another way to think of (time) topic-comment
Subject-Verb or
Object-Action
Example (script for video Darci):
The girl is walking her bike, which has a flat tire.
She then fills it up with air.
She then happily rides off.
Subject or Object (girl / bike)
Verb or Action (walk / visual accuracy)
Tire-flat
Air-pump
girl-(bike) ride-happy
Click on each of the pictures here to show the button to play the videos

9. Drill for skill activity
Darci, the script will be written for you
Pair up with a partner
Listen to / read the sentence which has been assigned to you & your partner
GLOSS it to figure out how to sign it in ASL
Use (Time) Topic-Comment order
A.K.A. Subject-Verb
A.K.A. Object-Action
Help one another to sign the sentence(s) from ENG to ASL as best as possible
Take turns signing each sentence and give one another feedback (improve)
Receive feedback from your peers if you do it in front of the class
In GoReact, record in ASL all of the sentences from the auditory prompt