1. The Age of Realpolitik (1848-1871)
By Miss Raia

2. Emergence of Realpolitik
Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 for liberals and romantics demonstrated that strong idealism was not enough to accomplish revolutionary goals
Political outgrowth of realism was the notion of realpolitik – the accomplishing of one’s political goals via practical means
A new political era emerged where nationalist goals were achieved by a step by step process in Machiavellian fashion

3. The Crimean War [1854-1856] Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia
Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire]
Failure of the Concert of Europe
Credibility undermined by failure of the powers to cooperate during revolutions of
Between 1848 and 1878, peace in Europe interrupted by the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War of

4. Causes
Main: Dispute between two groups of Christians over privileges in the Holy Land (Palestine)
1852, Turks (who controlled the region) negotiated an agreement with France to provide enclaves in the Holy Land to Roman Catholic religious orders.
This arrangement seemed to jeopardize existing agreements which provided access to Greek Orthodox religious orders (that Russia favored)
Czar Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy several provinces on the Danube
Russia would withdraw once Turks had guaranteed rights for Orthodox Christians

5. Causes Continued
Turks declared war on Russia in 1853, when Nicholas refused to withdraw
1854, Britain & France declared war against Russia (surprise! Turks were not Christians)
“Four Points” included the following provisions:
Russia had to renounce claims to the occupied principalities on the Danube
Navigation in the mouth of the Danube River were internationalized
Russia had to renounce its special role of Greek Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman empire
1855, Piedmont joined in the war against Russia
Most of the war fought on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea

6. The Crimean War [ ]

7. Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]
“The Lady with the Lamp”

8. Peace of Paris Russia emerged as the big loser in the conflict
Russia no longer had control of maritime trade on the Danube, had to recognize Turkish control of the mouth of the Danube, and renounced claims to Moldavia and Wallachia
Russia renounced role of protector of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire.
Agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottoman Empire.

9. Second French Republic (1848-1852)
Constitution: Unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive power; popularly-elected president of the Republic
President Louis Napoleon: seen by voters as a symbol of stability and greatness
Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes—the Church, army, property-owners, and business.
Universal suffrage
Falloux Law: Napoleon returned control of education to the Church (in return for support)
The Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon either payment of personal debt or allowance for a 2nd presidential term resulting in his plotting a coup (1851)

10. The Second Empire (or Liberal Empire)
Emperor Napoleon III, 1851: took control of gov’t in coup d’etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year
: Napoleon III’s control was direct and authoritarian.
: Regime liberalized by a series of reforms.
Economic reforms resulted in a healthy economy
Infrastructure: canals, roads; Baron Haussmann redevelops Paris
Movement towards free trade
Banking: Credit Mobilier funded industrial and infrastructure growth

11. The Second Empire Cont.
Foreign policy struggles resulted in strong criticism of Napoleon III
Algeria, Crimean War, Italian unification struggles, colonial possessions in Africa
Franco-Prussian war and capture of Napoleon III results in collapse of 2nd Empire
Napoleon III’s rule provided a model for other political leaders in Europe.
Demonstrated how gov’t could reconcile popular and conservative forces in an authoritarian nationalism.

12. Liberal Reforms
Done in part to divert attention from unsuccessful foreign policy
Extended power of the Legislative Assembly
Returned control of secondary education to the government (instead of Catholic Church)
In response, Pope Pius IX issued Syllabus of Errors, condemning liberalism.
Permitted trade unions and right to strike
Eased censorship and granted amnesty to political prisoners

13. Italian
Unification

14. Italian Nationalist Leaders
King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”]
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]
Count Cavour [The “Head”]

15. Count Cavour (
of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for Italian unification
King's prime minister between 1852 and 1861
Editor of Il Risorgimento, a newspaper arguing Sardinia should be the basis of a new Italy.
Built Sardinia into a liberal and economically sound state
Modeled on French system: some civil liberties, parliamentary gov't with elections and parliamentary control of taxes.
Built up infrastructure (roads, canals)
The Law on Convents and Siccardi Law sought to curtail influence of the Catholic Church.
1864, Pope Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors warned Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty.

16. Unification
Cavour sought unity for the northern and central areas of Italy
1855, joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia (gained an ally in France)
Plombiérès (1859): gained promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom (controlled by Sardinia)
In return, France would get Savoy and Nice
Austria declared war on Sardinia in after being provoked
France backed away from Plombieres agreement: fear of war with Prussia, surprising Austrian military power, revolutionary unrest in northern Italy, and French public's consternation over a war with Catholic Austria.

17. Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

18. Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia.
Venetia is annexed to Italy.

19. Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

20. French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Italy is united!

21. A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

22. What problems still remain for Italy?
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
What problems still remain for Italy?

23. German
Unification

24. Zollverein, 1834

25. Prussia/Austria Rivalry

26. Key
Players

27. Kaiser Wilhelm I

28. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood & Iron”

29. Otto von Bismarck
The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.

30. Otto von Bismarck
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

31. German Unification Foundation of Unification German National Character
Napoleon’s Impact
Prussian Leadership
The Zollverein:
Otto Von Bismarck
Gap Theory – gains favor with Wilhem
Circumvents Middle Class by appealing to working class (Napoleon III)

34. Otto von Bismarck Who is Bismarck?
Prussian Junker; raised conservative
King William I made him chancellor or prime minister
Known for his Revolutionary Conservatism & Balance of Power diplomacy in the 1870s and 1880s
Master of Realpolitik:
By what means will Bismarck unify Germany?
Blood and Iron
Why does he want to unify Germany?

35. Success in Three Wars
Bismarck’s Goal: Unite all German speaking people under the Hohenzollern crown
Danish War / Second Schleswig War
Cause:
Denmark annexed Schleswig and Holstein
Wanted Schleswig and Holstein
Asks Austria to assist and share in the spoils of war
Effects:
Gastein Convention – Austria gets Holstein, Prussia gests Schleswig

36. Success in Three Wars Austrian – Prussian War (1866) Causes:
Bismarck wants the Confederation of the Rhine states dominated by Austria
Austria not happy with the division and brought this before the German Parliament
Bismarck claimed this broke the Gastein Convention
Effects:
Annexed or added Holstein and several other German states
Bismarck dissolved the Austrian led confederation and created a new German North Confederation dominated by Prussia

38. Success in Three Wars Franco – Prussian War (1870) Causes: Effects:
Spain offered the throne to relative of Wilhelm I – Napoleon III said NO WAY
Bismarck wants Alsace – Lorraine territory, why?
The Ems Dispatch:
French Ambassador, Vincent Bendetti, had a heated argument with Wilhelm.
Bismarck recorded the conversation and reworded things to make sound like Wilhelm was insulting the ambassador.
Led to war
Effects:
Downfall of the second empire of France
Napoleon III captured
Paris fell
German States unite under William I of Prussia German empire
Treaty of Frankfurt

41. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.
The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.
Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]
France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.
France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

42. The German Empire Bismarckian Government
Constitution set up by Bismarck
Two – house legislature –
Bundersat upper house - Appointed by rules of the German states
Reichstag – Lower house – elected by universal male suffrage
Shared industrial knowledge from each state; became number one steel producer and overall industrial nation in Europe.

43. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

44. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

45. Eastern
Europe
in the Last Half
of the 19c

46. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

47. Austrian Imperial Flag

48. Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

49. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag

50. Augsleich of 1867
Hungarians and Czechs continued to demand self – determination.
Dual Monarchy
Loss in the Austrian – Prussian War led to the government having to compromise with the Hungarians
Augsleich of 1867
Hungarians had their own cabinet, administration and parliament but shared the crown, dept of defense, etc.

51. Issues
Issues
Multi – cultural empire
Other minorities resented German Speaking parliament and were jealous of Hungarians
Universal Male Suffrage not granted until 1907
Profound Anti-Semitism in Austria
How did nationalism impact Austria in the same period as Germany & Italy?