1. Mid-19c
European
Nationalism

2. Russia

3. The Crimean War [ ]
Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia

4. The Crimean War [ ]

6. The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…
A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

7. First use of Machine Guns

8. Increased Newspaper Circulation Influence of war correspondents

9. Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]
“The Lady with the Lamp”

10. Replaced by Czar Alexander II
Czar Nicholas I Dies
Replaced by Czar Alexander II

11. Treaty of Paris [1856]
No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.
All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.
Who benefitted?
Who lost big?

12. Treaty Settlement & Implications
Russian expansion stopped
Wallachia + Moldavia = Romania
Serbia gets independence (autonomy)
Russia still seen as backwards
Austria looks like cowards
Aids Sardinian unification plans in Italy
England & France emerge as rivals for Middle Eastern trade

13. Russian Imperial Flag

14. A heterogeneous empire
Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire

15. Nicholas I [r ]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!

16. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War.
Rapid Change: The Great Reforms
[ ] Emancipation of the Russian serfs

17. Alexander II [r ]
Development of the Mir = collective farming commune
Est. ZEMSTVOS = local councils to deal with local problems (1864)
Legal system reforms
Jury system
Public trials
Allowed lawyers for certain cases
Curtails secret police activities

18. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Relaxed censorship Russian Renaissance
Music: Tchikovsky
Literature:
Doestoevsky, Crime and Punishment
Science: Mendeleev

19. Alexander II [r ]
Subsidized Industry, especially railroads under Sergei Witte at the turn of the century
Helped to strengthen military and expand borders
Spread Marxism

20. Alexander II [r ]
Assassinated in 1881 by a member of the “People’s Will”

21. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile.
“Russification” program.
Jews  forced migration to the Pale

22. Russian Expansion
The Pale

23. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

24. Over Chinese Manchuria Teddy Roosevelt mediates treaty
Russian Expansion
Russo- Japanese War
Over Chinese Manchuria
And Korea
Russia loses to Japan
Teddy Roosevelt mediates treaty

25. Nicholas II [r. 1881-1918] Family Man
Did not like the business of state
Many of his reforms come too little too late

26. Revolution of 1905
Causes:
Increased demands for political rights from business professionals, workers, and peasants
Crowds of workers converged on the czar’s Winter Palace, led by Father Gapon
Bloody Sunday Massacre

27. October Manifesto
Czar Nicholas grants full civil rights, promised to create a Duma (legislature)
Czar Nicholas calls up and disbands 2 Dumas and recreates electoral law before he can get a loyal majority in the Duma

28. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY