1. Restoration, Romanticism,
SECONDARY - Sperber - The European Revolutions, 1848—1851
Restoration, Romanticism,
and Revolution
KEY CONCEPT 3.4
European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions.

2. Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars 686-690
Forces of the Past
Traditional Institutions
Monarchy
Aristocracy
Church
Family
Conservatism
*Edmund Burke
*Joseph de Maistre

3. Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars 686-690
Edmund Burke – Reflections on the Revolution in France Old
Forces of the Future
Industrialization
Liberalism
Nationalism

4. Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars 686-690
Klemens von Metternich – The Odious Ideas of the Philosophes Old
Restoring Old Order: Congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich ( ) 
Europe, Europe sat on a wall. Europe, Europe had a great fall. All the king’s diplomats and all the king’s men, could they put Europe together again?

5. Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars 686-690
Restoring Old Order: Congress of Vienna
Legitimacy
Louis XVIII
Balance of Power
Kingdom of the Netherlands
German Confederation
Switzerland
Sardinia

6. Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars 686-690
Restoring Old Order: Congress of Vienna
Territorial Settlements
Russia – Poland
Sweden – Norway
Prussia – Saxony+Rhineland
Austria - +Lombardy/Venetia -Belgium

7. Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars 686-690
Restoring Old Order: Congress of Vienna
Evaluation
Balance of Power until 1871
Peace until Crimean War (or WWI)
short term conservative victory
long term ideological loss

8. Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars 686-690
Reforms and Revolutions Before
Maintaining the Old Order: Concert of Europe
Congress System
Quadruple Alliance
Revolt and Repression
Spain/Italy – Holy Alliance
Germany – Carlsbad Decrees
Russia – Decembrist Revolt
Nicholas I,
*Polish Rebellion
*Greek War of Independence

9. KEY CONCEPT 3.6 The Romantic Movement 697-701
European ideas and culture expressed a tension between objectivity and scientific realism on one hand, and subjectivity and individual expression on the other.
Romanticism
Romantic Movement
Key Characteristics
emotion
antiquity and medieval
mysticism
nature

10. The Romantic Movement 697-701
Making Comparisons: Enlightened and Romantic Views of Religion
Deism
individualism and mysticism

11. The Romantic Movement 697-701
Key Romantic Writers, Artists, and Composers
Literature:
*Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Friedrich von Schiller
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm
William Wordsworth
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
*Lord Byron
*Percy Shelley
*John Keats
*Mary Shelley
*Victor Hugo

12. The Romantic Movement 697-701
Key Romantic Writers, Artists, and Composers
Art:
Caspar David Friedrich

13. The Romantic Movement 697-701
Key Romantic Writers, Artists, and Composers
Art:
Eugene Delacroix

14. The Romantic Movement 697-701
Key Romantic Writers, Artists, and Composers
Art:
John Constable

15. The Romantic Movement 697-701
Key Romantic Writers, Artists, and Composers
Art:
*Francisco Goya

16. The Romantic Movement 697-701
Key Romantic Writers, Artists, and Composers
Art:
*J. M. W. Turner

17. The Romantic Movement 697-701
Key Romantic Writers, Artists, and Composers
Music:
Ludwig von Beethoven
*Frédéric Chopin
Richard Wagner
*Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

18. The Romantic Movement 697-701
Romanticism and Nationalism
Greek Revolt,
Lord Byron
*(Romanticism is one of the most frequent topic areas)

19. KEY CONCEPT 3.3 Relations Between Capital and Labor 672-681
Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars
Reforms and Revolutions Before
KEY CONCEPT 3.3
The problems of industrialization provoked a range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses.
 Liberal Reform in England
Reform Bill of 1832
property requirements / suffrage
“rotten districts”
House of Commons

20. Relations Between Capital and Labor 672-681
Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars
Reforms and Revolutions Before
 Liberal Reform in England
Repeal of the Corn Laws, 1846
Anti-Corn Law League

21. Relations Between Capital and Labor 672-681
John Stuart Mill – On Liberty Old
Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars
Reforms and Revolutions Before
 Liberal Reform in England
Chartist Movement
Utilitatianism
*Jeremy Bentham
*John Stuart Mill
People’s Charter

22. Relations Between Capital and Labor 672-681
Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars
Reforms and Revolutions Before
 Liberal Reform in England
Consequences
stability
*Factory Act of 1833
*Mines Act of 1842
*Ten Hours Act of 1847

23. Reforms and Revolutions Before 1848 701-707
Revolutions of 1830
French Revolution of 1830
Charles X
Liberty Leading the People
Louis Philippe,

24. Reforms and Revolutions Before 1848 701-707
Revolutions of 1830
Revolution in Belgium, 1830

25. Reforms and Revolutions Before 1848 701-707
Giuseppe Mazzini – Young Italy Old
Revolutions of 1830
Italian Nationalism
Carbonari
Metternich / Holy Alliance
Giuseppe Mazzini

26. Revolutions of
Revolutions of 1848
Causes
industrialization / urbanization
liberals / radicals
nationalism – Italy / Germany / Austria
crop failure -
*The “Hungry ’40s”

27. Revolutions of
Revolutions of 1848
Revolution in France
Louis Philippe,
Second Republic
Louis Napoleon

28. Revolutions of
Defeat in Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini
“Young Italy”
*Risorgimento
Roman Republic
Metternich / Holy Alliance

29. Revolutions of
Heinrich von Gagern – The Call for German Unity 159 Old
Hope and Failure in Germany
Zollverein, 1834
Friedrich Wilhelm IV,
Frankfurt Assembly
“crown from the gutter”

30. Revolutions of
Heinrich von Gagern – The Call for German Unity 159 Old
Revolutions in the Austrian Empire
Metternich
robot
Louis Kossuth
Empress Sophia
Franz Joseph,
Nicholas I / Holy Alliance

31. Key Points
inner divisions
conservative victory
liberalism & nationalism will continue to grow
England avoids
repression grows in Russia
Romanticism gives way to Realism
*(focus on cause and effect)