1. AVIATION HISTORY
Lecture 10 : Airliners

2. The major AIRLINERS MANUFATCURERS in the world are Airbus and Boeing.
An AIRLINER is a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo. They are owned by AIRLINES company.
The major AIRLINERS MANUFATCURERS in the world are Airbus and Boeing.

3. Cargo
Cargo airlines also known as freighters or freight aircraft designed for the carriage of goods.
Aircraft designed for cargo has several differences with passenger aircraft.
A ‘fat’ looking fuselage,
High wing designed: to allow the cargo area to sit near the ground.
Cargo airlines (or airfreight carriers, and derivatives of these names) are airlines dedicated to the transport of cargo. Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger airlines.

4. Cargo

5. Airbus
Airbus is one of the leading manufacturers of aircraft in the world and supplies about half of all the world’s jet airliners.
Their mission is to “provide the aircraft best suited to the markets needs and to support these aircraft with the highest quality of service”.
Although Airbus’ headquarters are in France, they also have subsidiaries in North America, China and Japan.

6. Airbus types of aircraft models include as:
A300 > A320 > A321 > A330 > A340 > A350 > A380
Airbus 340
Airbus 330
Airbus 380

7. Boeing
Based in Chicago, US, and they are the one of the world’s leading aerospace companies, and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft.
They are the major service provider to NASA (they operate the Space Shuttle and International Space Station).
They are one of the largest US exporters (provide military and commercial airline support services to over 90 countries worldwide).
Boeing is based in Chicago, US, and they are the one of the world’s leading aerospace companies, and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft combined. Boeing also designs and manufactures rotorcraft; missiles; satellites; electronic and defense systems; launch vehicles; and advanced information and communication systems (20091). As they are the major service provider to NASA,
Boeing also operates the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. They are one of the largest US exporters (in terms of sales) and they also provide military and commercial airline support services to all of their customers in over 90 countries worldwide (20091).

8. Boeing types of aircraft models include as:
DC3-6, B707 > B717 > B727 > B737 > B747 > B757 > B767 > B777 > MD11 > B787
DC3

9. Quick Facts
B747: Among the fastest airliners in service with a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach (567 mph or 913 km/h).
The largest passenger airliner in the world, the A380

10. Airbus vs Boeing What’s the differences ??? Wing
Nose & Main Landing Gears
Engine
Tail Area
Generally airbus has engines which go under the wing, where boeing tend to mount them forward of the wing
Airbus aircraft appear to be quite 'stalky' standing on their landing gear, like some sort of wading bird, and the nose is more blunt looking than Boeing aircraft. Depending on the operator, many Airbus aircraft have winglets on the wing tips also.
An easy to spot difference are the cockpit windows, and most airbusses have so called wingtip "Fences" at the end of the wing, while Boeing uses winglets, or sometimes "Raked Wingtips“
Mounting the engines underneath and to the fore of the wing moves weight from the fuselage to the wings, imposing less bending moment on them and allowing for a lighter wing structure.
Mounting the engines in underwing pods also makes physical access for maintenance quicker and easier compared to tail-mounted engines.

11. Airliner Manufacturer Country of Origin
USA
Boeing
Lockheed Martin
Russia
Tupolev
Sukhoi
Airliner Manufacturer Country of Origin
Canada
Bombardier
Brazil
Embraer
Europe
Airbus Industries (France)
ATR (France/Italy)
Fokker (Netherlands)
Saab (Sweden)

12. Types of Airliners Airbus A380 Wide Body Narrow Body Regional
Boeing 757

13. Wide-body Airliners The largest airliners.
Two passenger aisles (rows), also known as a twin-aisle aircraft.
Used for long distance.
Allowing a total capacity of 200 to 600 passengers
Example:
Boeing & 777, Airbus A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A380(which can hold up to 800 passengers)
Wide-body: Twin Aisle

14. Narrow-body Airliners
Smaller airliners
Single aisle aircraft.
Generally used for medium-distance flights.
Allowing less than 250 passengers
Example:
Boeing 717, 737 & 757, Airbus A320 family McDonnell Douglas DC-9 & MD-80/MD- 90 series.
Boeing 737: Single Aisle

15. Regional Airliners Regional airliners. Single aisle aircraft.
Used for short - distance flights
Seat fewer than 100 passengers.
Example: Bombardier and CRJ series and ATR 42/72
Regional airliners - Small (Regional) short haul airliners typically seat fewer than 100 passengers and may be powered by turbofans or turboprops.
These airliners, though smaller than aircraft operated by most major carriers, legacy carriers, flag carriers, frequently serve customers who expect service, similar to that offered by the far larger airlines with their longer ranged larger jetliners. Therefore, these short haul airliners are usually equipped with storage bins, reclining seats, and have a flight attendant to look after the in-flight needs of the passengers upon point-to-point routes. Among some of earliest regional short haul airliners were the pre-airline deregulation Jetstream 31 aircraft.
Airlines and their partners sometimes use these for flights between small hubs, or for bringing passengers to hub cities where they may board larger aircraft. Typically, these regional feederliners, are painted in the aircraft liveries and color schemes of the much larger airline partners so the regional airlines may offer and market a seamless transition between the larger airline to smaller airline.
CRJ 15

16. Cabin configurations and features
Seats: Seats are designed to withstand strong forces so as not to break or come loose from their floor tracks during turbulence or accidents. The backs of seats are often equipped with a fold-down tray for eating, writing, or as a place to set up a portable computer, or a music or video player.
Overhead bins: Overhead bins are used for stowing carry-on baggage and other items.

17. Cabin configurations and features
Passenger Service Unit (PSU): located above passenger seats. Contain a reading light, air vent, and a flight attendant call button. Also Contain the drop-down oxygen masks which are activated if there is sudden drop in cabin pressure.
Lavatories: onboard bathroom with a toilet and sink. Approximately one lavatory for every 50 passengers.
Galley: galley is the compartment of aircraft where food is cooked and prepared.

18. Interior of Business Class
Seats
An airliner will usually have several classes of seating: first class, business class, and economy.
The seats in more expensive classes are wider, more comfortable, and have more amenities such as "lie flat" seats for more comfortable sleeping on long flights.
Generally, the more expensive the class, the better the beverage and meal service.
Domestic flights generally have a two-class configuration, usually first or business class and coach class, although many airlines instead offer all-economy seating. International flights generally have either a two-class configuration or a three-class configuration, depending on the airline, route and aircraft type. Many airliners offer movies or audio/video on demand (this is standard in first and business class on many international flights and may be available on economy). Cabins of any class are provided with lavatory facilities (see board toilets).
Interior of Business Class

19. Where is cargo compartment inside the aircraft?

20. Airbus A300 fuselage cross-section, showing the passenger compartment above and the baggage area below.

21. Cargo bins Airliners must have space on board to store baggage
Also known as "cargo bins” or “cargo decks”.
These compartments can be accessed through doors on the outside of the aircraft.
Baggage holds on modern airliners are equipped with fire detection equipment , lighting system and also being pressurized.

22. Aircraft Structure & Materials
What's the material used to make Airplane exterior (body)?

23. Materials to build an aircraft
In the early days of flight, before WW1, aircraft were constructed entirely of wood and canvas.
The beginning of WW1 brought a sudden demand for thousands of aircraft.
Small companies grew into major manufacturers capable of producing many different types of aircraft in large numbers.
The techniques for building aircraft evolved gradually during the years between the wars.

24. Materials to build an aircraft
Wood and canvas changed to aluminum as the principal structural material and aircraft’s designs also improved.
Monoplanes (single wing aircraft) were becoming more popular than biplanes (two wing aircraft).
More powerful and reliable aircraft engines were continually being developed.
Because of the increased reliability and improved comfort, aircraft became a more acceptable form of passenger transport.
The main material for most aircraft is aluminum.
Smaller planes are being built more and more of carbon composites and some now are 100% composite.
Even larger planes are being built with a combination of aluminum and composites.
Military aircraft have the widest variety, though. The Sr-71 is primarily titanium, while the MiG-27 and MiG-31 are made of steel and titanium.
Some light aircraft are still built with cloth skin

25. Materials to build an aircraft
Uses on Aircraft Component
Uses on Wing
Metal: a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, and flexible, with good electrical and thermal conductivity, e.g. iron, copper, and silver.
What is aluminium??
Aluminium: a strong, light, corrosion-resistant silvery-grey metal.
Aluminum 75% uses on fuselage skin & aircraft structures.
Composite 10% uses on wing & panels.
Steel 9% uses on aircraft components.
Titanium 5% uses on engines.
Uses on Fuselage skin

26. Why is aluminium used for aircraft fuselage skin?
Aluminum has qualities that make it highly desirable for use in aircraft construction. It's very abundant and relatively cheap, light, strong and malleable and resists corrosion. Combining aluminum with other elements has produced new alloys that also make good aircraft skins.
Weight and Strength
Aluminum is lighter than copper, steel, brass and nickel. Its strength increases in lower temperatures, a quality that is useful for aircraft that fly at high altitudes.
Machinability (able to be worked by a machine tool)
Aluminum is easily machinable. You can turn, mill and bore it. It lends itself to many different finishes, all desirable characteristics in aircraft construction.
Malleability able to be pressed into shape without breaking or cracking.
You can cast aluminum in any form. You can roll, stamp, forge, hammer, rivet and weld it. You can also bond it with resin to make composite aircraft.
Corrosion-Resistance
Anodized aluminum has a thicker coating that increases its strength and resistance to corrosion, protecting it from the weather and most chemicals other than alkaline substances.
Alloys
There are a number of alloys that combine aluminum with elements such as copper, manganese, magnesium, silicon and chromium. The most common high-strength aluminum alloy, 2024-T3, contains copper, manganese, and aluminum. It is highly fatigue resistant and has a shiny finish, making it popular for aircraft skins, repair and restoration.

27. Aluminium
Airplanes need to be light and flexible to perform well in flight.
Although other materials, such as composite compounds and wood, have been used for aircraft skins, aluminum is the most common and popular material for airplane skins.
What is aluminium??
Aluminium is one type of metal which are silvery-grey color, strong, light, and corrosion- resistant.

28. Why Aluminium? Lightweight High Strength Easy to shape into curve
Easy to design by machine
Corrosion resistant
Low cost

29. Aluminium as aircraft fuselage skin
1. Light Weight
Aluminum is a light metal, especially in the thin sheets used for aircraft skin. By using aluminum as the skin, the overall weight of the aircraft is lower.
2. High Strength
Its strength increases in lower temperatures, a quality that is useful for aircraft that fly at high altitudes.
3. Easy to shape into a curve
Aluminum is easily formed into curved shapes that are more aerodynamically sound. Aluminum is an ideal metal for the curves of modern airplanes.
Aluminum has qualities that make it highly desirable for use in aircraft construction. It's very abundant and relatively cheap, light, strong and malleable and resists corrosion. Combining aluminum with other elements has produced new alloys that also make good aircraft skins.
Weight and Strength
Aluminum is lighter than copper, steel, brass and nickel. Its strength increases in lower temperatures, a quality that is useful for aircraft that fly at high altitudes.
Machinability (able to be worked by a machine tool)
Aluminum is easily machinable. You can turn, mill and bore it. It lends itself to many different finishes, all desirable characteristics in aircraft construction.
Malleability able to be pressed into shape without breaking or cracking.
You can cast aluminum in any form. You can roll, stamp, forge, hammer, rivet and weld it. You can also bond it with resin to make composite aircraft.
Alloys
There are a number of alloys that combine aluminum with elements such as copper, manganese, magnesium, silicon and chromium. The most common high-strength aluminum alloy, 2024-T3, contains copper, manganese, and aluminum. It is highly fatigue resistant and has a shiny finish, making it popular for aircraft skins, repair and restoration.

30. Aluminium as aircraft fuselage skin
4. Easy to design by machine tools
Because it is light, flexible, and easy to bend, aluminum is easy to work. Its softness makes it easy to shape and form by machines.
5. Corrosion Resistant
Aluminum is more resistant to corrosion than other metals. It reacts more slowly to air, so it will not rust like steel or other metals.
6. Low Cost
Because of the benefits of aluminum, it is the cheapest material available.
Corrosion-Resistance
Anodized aluminum has a thicker coating that increases its strength and resistance to corrosion, protecting it from the weather and most chemicals other than alkaline substances.

31. What are the latest material to build an aircraft???

32. Latest material to build an aircraft
The principal material used in modern air- craft manufacturing is aluminum.
But the use of composite materials is rapidly increasing.
Composite materials are structural materials made up of two or more contrasting components.
Composites enable manufacturers to build aircraft that are lighter and stronger than aluminum models.
Fabric glass material uses to repair the parts including
wing trailing & leading edge panel, floor panel & body
fairing).
Honey comb material uses floor panel, body fairing
wing panels and galley partition).
Graphite reinforced plastic or carbon reinforced plastic
(CFRP or CRP) uses some major structural area
(eg: B777 cabin lateral floor beam structure)

33. Nowadays, nearly all of the exterior surfaces are composites (ex: carbon, fiberglass)
Boeing thinks its new 787 jet, built mostly of plastic composites, could remold
the airline industry.
• Jets made of composites require far fewer parts, so there's less to bolt
together.
• …since these plastics weigh less than aluminum, the planes should burn less
fuel. … together with improved engines, 20% drop in fuel costs.
• …improve passenger comfort. The superior strength of the composite
fuselage will allow the passenger cabin to withstand higher pressurization --
equal to the air pressure at an altitude of 6,000 feet instead of the usual 8,000
feet.
• …it's easier to control cabin temperature, humidity, and ventilation.
• …engineers are discovering that their composites are even tougher than they
initially imagined.… maintenance costs will be 30% lower than for aluminum
planes. …corrosion and fatigue benefits are going to be astounding.

34. Why Composites?
Superior performance when compared to steel or aluminum.
Reduces weight
Reduces maintenance costs
Reduces or eliminates corrosion
Composites replacing the frame structures and skins with more rigidity and less weight.
Composites can be built up into exotic shapes and thicknesses which can’t be done by aluminum.
Composite parts can be placed on the assembly in less, light, easy to install sections.
Composite weight and strength factors can be controlled and engineered easily.

35. Why Composites?
Composites replacing the frame structures and skins with more strength and less weight.
Composites can be built up into special shapes and thicknesses which can’t be done by aluminum.
Composite weight and strength factors can be controlled and designed easily.

37. Range and Payload

38. Range and Payload What is Range??? What is Payload???
What is maximum range and payload for Boeing , Boeing , Boeing , Airbus ,Airbus 380????

39. Range and Payload Range:
Range means how far can the aircraft fly with a tank of fuel.
Payload:
Payload is the carrying capacity (load) of an aircraft in terms of their Passengers and Cargo.
It also means the load than can give the profits to the airlines company.

40. Maximum Range and Payload for Boeing & Airbus Aircraft
Aircraft Names
Max.
Range (Km)
Max. Payload(Km)
Boeing
4000km
62,800kg
Boeing
13,500km
397,000kg
Boeing
5860km
136,000kg
Airbus
4800km
73,500kg
Airbus 380
14,800km
560,000kg

41. What types of fuel used by aircraft?

42. Aircraft Fuel
For the first few decades of flight, aircraft engines simply used the same kind of gasoline that powered automobiles.
But simple gasoline was not necessarily the best fuel for the large and powerful engines.
Thereby, most airplanes carried AvGas (Aviation Gasoline)
Jet fuel (AvTur: Aviation Turbine Fuel) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines.
The most common fuels are Jet A and Jet A-1’
Jet B is commonly used in civilian turbine engine- powered and is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. 42

43. Aircraft Refueling

44. Aircraft Fuel Tanks
For larger aircraft fuel tank is inside the aircraft structure that have been sealed to allow fuel storage.
For smaller aircraft like Cessna, they used
rigid removable tanks and may be removed for inspection, replacement, or repair.
Aircraft typically use three types of fuel tanks: integral, rigid removable, and bladder.
Integral tanks are areas inside the aircraft structure that have been sealed to allow fuel storage. An example of this type is the "wet wing" commonly used in larger aircraft. Since these tanks are part of the aircraft structure, they cannot be removed for service or inspection. Inspection panels must be provided to allow internal inspection, repair, and overall servicing of the tank. Most large transport aircraft use this system, storing fuel in the wings and/or tail of the airplane.
Rigid removable tanks are installed in a compartment designed to accommodate the tank. They are typically of metal construction, and may be removed for inspection, replacement, or repair. The aircraft does not rely on the tank for structural integrity. These tanks are commonly found in smaller general aviation aircraft, such as the Cessna 172.
Bladder tanks are reinforced rubberized bags installed in a section of aircraft structure designed to accommodate the weight of the fuel. The bladder is rolled up and installed into the compartment through the fuel filler neck or access panel, and is secured by means of metal buttons or snaps inside the compartment. Many high-performance light aircraft and some smaller turboprops use bladder tanks.

45. Airlines
An organization that provides scheduled flights for passengers or cargo.

46. FSCs
LCCs
Southwest: US
Easyjet,RyanAir,BMI baby,FLYbe: United Kingdom

47. Full Service Carrier (FSC)
A Full Service Carrier is an airline that offers high fares.
It offers a variety of air travel classes such as first (F), business (C) and economy (E) classes
It provides in-flight meals, entertainment and other complementary services.
It services also incorporate hub and spoke networks.
Legacy Carrier
An airline revolving around a hub & spoke network providing
First Class/Business Class, Lounges, FFPs, Frills (food,
beverage etc.), entertaining Alliance
Memberships, offering multiple
distribution channels incl. GDS

48. Malaysia Airlines Fleet Composition
Boeing 13
Boeing 17
Airbus 11
Airbus 3
Boeing 37 3
Fokker 50
Total 83
Malaysia Airlines (MAS) is embarking on fleet modernization. It has a firm order of 35 B (delivery of aircraft between 2010 and 2014). It has another time order of 15 A (delivery between 2011 and 2014). It has optional orders for 20 B and 10 A MAS expects to receive six A380 in

49. Low Cost Carrier (LCC)
A low cost airline is an airline that offers low fares.
Only offers a single class.
No other services such as seating assignment, in-flight meals and entertainment and airport lounges.
They offer high frequency services on short haul, domestic and international routes, quick turnaround time, low costs through internet bookings.
Low-Cost Carrier
An airline category defined primarily by low fares but
also by a focus on reducing operating costs by eliminating (or charge for) product elements which don‘t provide added value