1. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT ATHLETES

2. WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?
STATE OF EQUALIBRIUM WITHIN THE BODY MAINTAINED THROUGH THE ADAPTATION OF THE BODY SYSTEMS TO CHANGE TO EITHER THE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
EXAMPLES:
DECREASE OF O2 IN THE BODY  BREATHING INCREASES
CORE BODY TEMPERATURE DROPS  BODY SHIVERS
CORE BODY TEMPERATURE UP  BODY SWEATS
BODY TISSUE NEEDS MORE O2  HEART RATE INCREASES

3. HYPOTHALAMUS
CONTROLS HEAT BY MONITORING NERVE IMPULSES FROM TEMPERATURE RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN AND BLOOD FLOW TO THE BRAIN
LIKE A THERMOSTAT FOR A ROOM

4. CONVECTION, RADIATION, & EVAPORATION
80% OF THE BODY’S HEAT LOSS IS THROUGH THE SKIN
AS BLOOD TEMPERATURE INCREASES THE HYPOTHALAMUS SENSES THE INCREASE:
THE HYPOTHALAMUS SIGNALS NERVE IMPULSES TO DIALATE BLOOD VESSELS
THIS CAUSES AN INCREASE IN HEAT LOSS THROUGH CONVECTION AND RADIATION
HYPOTHALAMUS SIGNALS NERVE IMPULSES IN THE SWEAT GLANDS TO STIMULATE PERSPIRATION
THIS CAUSES AN INCREASE OF HEAT LOSS THROUGH EVAPORATION

5. CONVECTION, RADIATION, & EVAPORATION

6. FLUID LOSS
JUST A 2% FLUID LOSS CAN LEAD TO DEHYDRATION AND HEAT RELATED ILLNESS
ATHLETES SHOULD REHYDRATE WITH COLD FLUIDS
LEAVES STOMACH QUICKER
ABSORBED QUICKER
DOES NOT CAUSE CRAMPING
WITH A BODY WEIGHT LOSS OF MORE THAN 3% THROUGH FLUID LOSS AN ATHLETE SHOULD BE MONITORED FOR HEAT RELATED ILLNESS
MORE THAN 7% THAT ATHLETE SHOULD BE SENT TO A DOCTOR
FOR EVERY POUND OF FLUID LOSS AN ATHLETE NEEDS TO REPLACE WITH 20 ONCES OF COLD FLUIDS

7. ELECTROLYTES
SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CHLORIDE ARE THE THREE MAIN ELECTROLYTES LOST DURING ACTIVITY
FUNCTION OF ELECTROLYTES:
SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
MAINTAIN FLUID BALANCE
TRIGGER MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
TRIGGER NERVE IMPULSES WHEN ELECTROLYTES SHIFT PLACES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE
CHLORIDE
MAINTAINS BLOOD VOLUME
MAINTAINS PH OF BODY FLUIDS

8. REPLACING ELECTROLYTES
ATHLETES CAN REPLACE ELECTROLYTES THROUGH EATING FOOD OR DRINKING FLUIDS
SODIUM
SALT AND SPORTS DRINKS
IN MOST FOOD; USUALLY DON’T HAVE TO SUPPLIMENT
POTASSIUM
POTATOES, ORANGES, BANANAS, AND SPORTS DRINKS
CHRLORIDE
SALT, LETTUCE, CELERY, TOMATOES, AND OLIVES

9. THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER

10. HEAT AND HUMIDITY
BOTH NEED TO BE MONITORED DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BECAUSE BOTH AFFECT THE BODY’S ABILITY TO COOL ITSELF
WHEN HUMIDITY IS HIGH, SWEAT BECOMES AN INSULATING FACTOR BECAUSE IT CANNOT EVAPORATE; MAKING THE BODY HOTTER

11. HEAT CRAMPS (MUSCLE CRAMPS)
THE CRAMPING OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
MOST COMMON IN THE GASTROCNEMIUS AND ABDOMINALS
CAUSED BY DEHYDRATION  DEHYDRATION CAUSES A DECREASE IN BLOOD FLOW  DECREASE IN BLOOD FLOW CAUSES A DECREASE IN OXYGEN TO THE TISSUE  DECREASE IN OXYGEN TO THE TISSUE CAUSES MUSCLE CRAMPING

12. HOW WOULD YOU TREAT AN ATHLETE SUFFERING FROM HEAT (MUSCLE) CRAMPS
HOW WOULD YOU TREAT AN ATHLETE SUFFERING FROM HEAT (MUSCLE) CRAMPS? WHAT STEPS WOULD YOU TAKE TO PREVENT AN ATHLETE FROM SUFFERING FROM HEAT CRAMPS?

13. HEAT EXHAUSTION
CAUSED FROM EXTREME DEHYDRATION AND/OR LOSS OF ELECTROLYTES
SIGNS OF HEAT EXHAUSTION:
CLAMMY SKIN
PROFUSE SWEATING
HEADACHE
HYPERVENTALATION
DIALATED PUPILS
BODY TEMPERATURE MAY RISE TO 102 DEGREES

14. HOW WOULD YOU TREAT AND ATHLETE SUFFERING FROM HEAT EXHAUSTION
HOW WOULD YOU TREAT AND ATHLETE SUFFERING FROM HEAT EXHAUSTION? HOW LONG WOULD YOU TREAT THE ATHLETE BEFORE CALLING EMS?

15. HEAT STROKE ELEVATED BODY TEMPERATURE (USUALLY ABOVE 104 DEGREES)
BODY’S INTERNAL ORGANS BEGIN TO SHUT DOWN BECAUE OF EXCESSIVE HEAT
A MEDICAL EMERGENCY THAT CAN LEAD TO PERMANENT BRAIN DAMAGE OR DEATH
SIGNS OF HEAT STROKE
HOT DRY SKIN
PUPILS CONSTRICT
INTERNAL BODY TEMPERATURE AT 104 DEGREES OR HIGHER
AT 106 DEGREES BODY CELLS START TO DIE; AT 108 DEGREES DEATH WILL OCCUR
DECREASE IN PERSPIRATION OR PERSPIRATION STOPS

16. WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP IN TREATING AN ATHLETE SUFFERING FROM HEAT STROKE? WHAT IS THE SECOND STEP? HOW CAN YOU DETERMINE IF AN ATHLETE IS SUFFERING FROM HEAT EXHAUSTION OR HEAT STROKE?

18. HYPOTHERMIA
OCCURS WHEN THE CORE BODY TEMPERATURE DROPS BELOW 95 DEGREES
THE HYPOTHALAMUS SENSES THE DROP IN BODY TEMPERATURE AND CAUSE MUSCLES TO CONTRACT CAUSING “SHIVERING”
SIGNS OF HYPOTHERMIA
SLURRED SPEECH
LOSS OF MOTOR CONTROL
LOSS OF MEMORY
MUSCLES WILL TURN RIGID
SKIN BLUE
RESPIRATION AND PULSE WILL DECREASE
UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND DEATH

19. HOW WOULD YOU TREAT AN ATHLETE SUFFERING FROM HYPOTHERMIA
HOW WOULD YOU TREAT AN ATHLETE SUFFERING FROM HYPOTHERMIA? WHEN WOULD YOU CALL EMS?

20. FROSTBITE
THE FREEZING OF SKIN AND OTHER TISSUES THAT RESULTS IN REDUCED BLOOD FLOW AND POTENTIALL PERMANENT DAMAGE TO AFFECTED TISSUE
SIGNS OF FROSTBITE
TINGLING OR NUMBNESS IN AFFECTED TISSUE
SKIN TURNS WHITE OR GRAYISH
SKIN IS HARD AND CRUSTY
SEVERE CASES SKIN WILL TURN BLACK (DEAD TISSUE)
MUST AMPUTATE
MOST COMMONLY ON THE NOSE, EARS, FINGERS, AND TOES

21. HOW WOULD YOU TREAT AN ATHLETE SUFFERING FROM FROSTBITE
HOW WOULD YOU TREAT AN ATHLETE SUFFERING FROM FROSTBITE? WHAT DO YOU NEVER WANT TO DO WHEN TRYING TO HEAT FROSTBITEN TISSUE?

22. FLASH TO BANG—TRACKING LIGHTNING
COUNT THE SECONDS BETWEEN A FLASH OF LIGHTNING AND THE BANG OF THE THUNDER  DIVIDE THIS NUMBER BY FIVE TO LEARN HOW MANY MILES AWAY LIGHTNING IS OCCURING
EXAMPLE:
FLASH TO BANG TIME 30 SECONDS
DIVIDE THE FLASH TO BANG TIME BY 5
SO DIVIDE 30 SECONDS BY 5 = 6
LIGHTNING IS OCCURING 6 MILES AWAY

23. THE 30/30 RULE—TRACKING LIGHTNING
1ST 30:
IF THE FLASH TO BANG CALCULATION IS 30 SECONDS OR LESS (6 MILES) SEEK SHELTER IN A SAFE AREA
2ND 30:
DO NOT RESUME OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES UNTIL 30 MINUTES AFTER THE LAST AUDIBLE THUNDER