1. Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi
Beth Roland
8th Grade Science

2. It is a dark and quiet night
It is a dark and quiet night. An enemy spy slips silently across the border. Invisible to the guards, the spy creeps cautiously along the edge of the road, heading toward the command center. Undetected, the spy sneaks by the center’s security system and reaches the door. Breaking into the control room, the spy takes command of the central computer. The enemy is in control.

3. Viruses section 1
A virus is a tiny non-living particle that invades and then multiples inside a living cell.

4. Viruses
Viruses act like parasites, organisms that live in or on another organism and cause it harm.
The living organism that a virus attaches to and uses as a source of energy is called the host.
Once the host is carrying and transmitting a virus it is referred to as a vector.

5. BUT, ALL viruses have three things in common.
Virus Structure
Viruses are smaller than cells, but can vary greatly in size and shape.
BUT, ALL viruses have three things in common.
A protein coat that protects them, and
An inner core that contains genetic material (direction for making new viruses)
Surface proteins that allow it to attach to certain cells in the host.

6. BUT, ALL viruses have three things in common.
Virus Structure
Viruses are smaller than cells, but can vary greatly in size and shape.
BUT, ALL viruses have three things in common.
A protein coat that protects them, and
An inner core that contains genetic material (direction for making new viruses)
Surface proteins that allow it to attach to certain cells in the host.
Some viruses are also surrounded by an additional outer membrane or envelope.

7. Virus Structure
The proteins on the surface of a virus play an important role during the invasion of a host cell.
The shape of the surface proteins allow the virus to attach to the proteins on the surface of a host’s cells.

8. How Viruses Multiply
Once inside a cell, a viruses genetic material takes over many of the cells functions. It instructs the cell to produce the virus’s proteins and genetic material. These proteins and genetic material assemble into new viruses which go on to infect more cells.

9. Active Virus

10. Hidden Virus

11. Common Viruses
Some viruses are very mild such as the common cold, while others, such as HIV have severe consequences for the host.

12. Common Viruses
Bacteriophage are robot like viruses that infect bacteria

13. Common Cold - Rhinovirus The Flu – Influenza Virus
Common Viruses
Common Cold - Rhinovirus
The Flu – Influenza Virus

14. Common Viruses
Chicken Pox
Measles

15. Common Viruses
HIV
SARS

16. Viruses can be spread in many ways:
Viral Transmission
Viruses can be spread in many ways:
Contact with a contaminated object
Bite of an infected animal.
In sneezes and coughs
Contact with body fluids such as blood.

17. Viral Treatment
There are currently no cures for viral diseases, however, many over the counter medications may help treat the symptoms.
Resting, plenty of fluids, and well balanced meals may be all you can do to help your immune system fight a virus.

18. Preventing Viral Diseases
A vaccine is a substance introduced into the body to trigger the bodies natural defenses.
A weakened or altered version of the virus puts the body on “alert”. The immune system fights it off and makes antibodies so that if the virus ever infects the body it can be destroyed before it becomes harmful.

19. Virus

20. Bacteria section 2
There are more bacteria organisms in your mouth right now than there are people on the entire planet!!

21. Bacteria
Bacteria were discovered by accident in the late 1600’s by a Dutch merchant named Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

22. Bacteria Structure Bacteria are prokaryotes: No nucleus
DNA in a loop in the cell
Few organelles
Usually have a cell wall
Usually have a flagellum

23. Bacteria Structure
Most bacteria cells have one of three basic shapes:

25. Bacteria obtaining food and energy
Like all living things, bacteria need to have a sources of food and a way to break that food down in order to survive.
Most bacteria need oxygen to break their food down, but a few do not require oxygen for respiration.

26. Bacteria reproduction
Bacteria can reproduce asexually (one parent) by means of binary fission: one cell divides into two identical cells. or
Bacteria can reproduce sexually (two parents) by means of conjugation: one bacteria transfers some genetic material to another bacteria though a thread like bridge.

27. Bacteria endospore formation
Some bacteria can survive harsh conditions like freezing, heating and drying by forming an endospore.
An endospore is a small rounded, thick walled, resting cell that forms in a bacteria cell and houses the bacterial DNA.

28. Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens
In Sneezes, Coughs, Saliva:
(Pneumonia, Whooping Cough, Bacterial Meningitis)
By Animal Vectors:
(bubonic plague, typhus)
In Contaminated Food or Water:
(typhoid, salmonella, e. coli)
ANTIBIOTICS HELP GET RID OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

29. Where is the genetic material located in a bacteria cell?
What is the role of a flagella?
What are three ways bacteria can obtain food?
How do bacteria obtain energy to carry out their functions?

30. Where is the genetic material located in a bacteria cell
Where is the genetic material located in a bacteria cell? In a loop of DNA in the cytoplasm
What is the role of a flagella? Help the bacteria move
What are three ways bacteria can obtain food? Heterotroph (eating) Autotroph (using energy from the sun or from chemicals in it’s environment to make food)
How do bacteria obtain energy to carry out their functions? Respiration or fermentation

32. Parasites Section 3
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two different organisms. The parasite benefits from a prolonged, close association with the host, which is harmed
Many possess special adaptations

33. Tape Worm Up to 35 feet long Lay millions of eggs each day
Attach to the intestines and absorb nutrients from its host

34. Hookworms Burning lake water?
Hookworms enter through the skin and migrate through the bloodstream to the lungs and intestines. They may also be ingested through contaminated food or water. You may have itchiness or redness where the larvae penetrate the skin (most likely your feet).

35. Round Worms

36. Round Worm
Here is a staggering statistic: the World Heath Organization reported that about 25% of the world’s population is infected with roundworm.
These parasites can grow to 13 inches inside the intestine and can lay as many as 300,000 eggs in a single day
Ascaris lumbricoides
Partial cause of distented stomachs in starving children

37. Parasite Extraction

38. Fungus-Like Protists
Like fungi, fungi-like protists are heterotrophs, have cell walls, and use spores to reproduce.
Slime Mold
Downy Mold
Water Mold

39. Fungi Section 3
Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce.

40. Fungi Cell Structure
Fungi may be unicellular, like yeast, or mulitcellular.
The cells of multicellular fungi are arranged into branching threadlike tubes called hyphae.
What a fungus looks like depends on how the hyphae are arranged.

41. Fungi Obtaining Food First fungi grow hyphae into a food source.
Then digestive chemicals ooze from the hyphae into the food, breaking it down into small substances that can be absorbed by the hyphae.

42. Fungi Reproduction
Fungi usually reproduce by making lightweight spores in reproductive structures called fruiting bodies. The spores can then be carried easily through the air or water to new sites.
Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.

43. Fungi Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction: Cells at the tips of the hyphae can divide to form spores, which grow into fungi that are genetically identical to the parent.
Sexual Reproduction: Hyphae of two fungi can grow together and exchange genetic material, then grow a new spore producing structure.

44. Asexual Reproduction

45. Budding

46. Sexual Reproduction

48. Fungi role in nature Fungi are food Fungi are environmental recyclers
Fungi fight disease
Fungi cause disease
Fungi help plants grow

49. Symbiosis
Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different species, in which at least one of the species benefits from the partnership.
If both species benefit it is called symbiotic mutualism.

50. Symbiosis

51. Symbiosis Lichen – Relationship Between Algae and Fungi

52. Fungi are _______, ________ and have ______ ________.
The cells of fungi are arranged in threadlike tubes called ________
Fungi reproduce using ________ which are produced in structures called ________ _________.
How are fungi classified?
Explain different roles of fungi in nautre.

53. Fungi are _______, ________ and have ______ ________.
The cells of fungi are arranged in threadlike tubes called ________
Fungi reproduce using ________ which are produced in structures called ________ _________.
How are fungi classified? By how they produce their spores, (club, sac, or zygote)
Explain different roles of fungi in nature. Food, medicine, environmental recyclers, symbiotic partners, diseases
eukaryotes
heterotrophs
Cell walls
hyphae
spores
Fruiting bodies

54. FUNGUS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8OAmcUnm4g

55. Fungus Lab Please pick this up off the front table Read and Underline
Look at the materials

56. Parts of a Fungus

57. Yeast Budding

58. Mushrooms and Humans