1. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Lesson 4 Revolution in Russia

2. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Lesson 4 Revolution in Russia
Learning Objectives
Explain the causes of the February (March) Revolution.
Describe the goals of Lenin and the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution.
Summarize the outcome of the civil war in Russia.
Analyze how Lenin built a Communist state in the Soviet Union.

3. Causes of the February Revolution
The year 1913 marked the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. Everywhere, Russians honored the tsar and his family. Tsarina Alexandra felt confident that the people loved Nicholas too much to ever threaten him. “They are constantly frightening the emperor with threats of revolution,” she told a friend, “and here,—you see it yourself—we need merely to show ourselves and at once their hearts are ours.”
In March 1917, the first of two revolutions would topple the Romanov dynasty and pave the way for even more radical changes. (February and October Revolutions)
After the Revolution of 1905, Nicholas had failed to solve Russia’s basic political, economic, and social problems.(corruption)
Disasters on the battlefield, combined with food and fuel shortages on the home front, brought the monarchy to collapse.(bread strike)

4. Causes of the February Revolution
Duma politicians set up a provisional government, while continuing the war with Germany.

5. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Lesson 4 Revolution in Russia
Key Terms
proletariat
soviets,
V. I. Lenin
Cheka,
commissars,

6. Causes of the February Revolution
Roots of Discontent
World War I Intensifies Discontent
Tsar Nicholas II Steps Down

7. Causes of the February Revolution
This photo shows the Russian royal family—Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra, and their children—in Four years later, they would all be murdered as a result of revolution and civil war.

8. Lenin Leads the Bolsheviks
Outside the provisional government, revolutionary socialists plotted their own course. In Petrograd and other cities, they set up soviets, or councils of workers and soldiers. At first, the soviets worked democratically within the government. Before long, though, the Bolsheviks, a radical socialist group, took charge. The leader of the Bolsheviks was a determined revolutionary, V. I. Lenin.
Lenin spread revolutionary ideas that would eventually succeed in shifting political thought in Russia and other nations.
Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions(overthrow capitalism)
Exiled from Russia and with the help of Germany, Lenin rushed across Germany to the Russian frontier in a special train.

9. Lenin Leads the Bolsheviks
The Making of a Revolutionary
Lenin Adapts Marxism

10. Lenin Leads the Bolsheviks
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin took his revolutionary ideas directly to the people, addressing crowds in the streets.

11. The October Revolution Brings the Bolsheviks to Power
Lenin threw himself into the work of furthering the revolution. Another dynamic Marxist revolutionary, Leon Trotsky, helped lead the fight. To the hungry, war-weary Russian people, Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised “Peace, Land, and Bread.”
The provisional government, led by Alexander Kerensky, continued the war effort and failed to deal with land reform
Growing numbers of troops mutinied and peasants seized land and drove off fearful landlords.
In November 1917, squads of Red Guards—armed factory workers—joined mutinous sailors from the Russian fleet in attacking the provisional government.
The Bolsheviks ended private ownership of land and distributed land to peasants and workers were given control of factories and mines.

12. Bolsheviks become the Communitsts.
The October Revolution Brings the Bolsheviks to Power
A new red flag with an entwined hammer and sickle symbolized union between workers and peasants.
Bolsheviks become the Communitsts.

13. The October Revolution Brings the Bolsheviks to Power
Causes of the October Revolution
The Bolsheviks Seize Power

14. The October Revolution Brings the Bolsheviks to Power
Crowds gather in Dvortsovyi Square, Saint Petersburg, to support the Bolshevik cause on May 1, 1917.

15. Britain, France, and the United States sent forces to help the Whites.
Civil War Erupts in Russia
After the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin quickly sought peace with Germany. Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, giving up a huge chunk of its territory and its population. The cost of peace was extremely high, but the Communist leaders knew that they needed all their energy to defeat a collection of enemies at home. Russia’s withdrawal affected the hopes of both the Allies and the Central Powers.
Mensheviks (whites) united with democrats and others vs. Bolsheviks (reds)
Britain, France, and the United States sent forces to help the Whites.
Communists shot the former tsar and tsarina and their five children in July 1918 to keep them from becoming a rallying symbol for counterrevolutionary forces.
The Communists also set up a network of forced labor camps in 1919.
By 1921, the Communists had managed to defeat their scattered foes.

16. Civil War Erupts in Russia
The Opposing Forces
Terror and War Communism

17. Civil War Erupts in Russia
A crusading white knight slays the red dragon in this Russian civil war propaganda poster. Its title is “For a United Russia.” Draw Conclusions Which side in the Russian civil war made this poster? Why?

18. The Communist Soviet Union Emerges
Russia was in chaos. Millions of people had died since the beginning of World War I. Millions more perished from famine and disease. Lenin faced the enormous problem of rebuilding a shattered state and economy.
In 1922, Lenin’s Communist government united much of the old Russian empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or Soviet Union. 
All political power, resources, and means of production would belong to workers and peasants
 Lenin retreated from his policy of “war communism,” which had brought the economy to near collapse.
Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy, or NEP, which allowed some capitalist ventures.

19. Lenin died, and Trotsky and Stalin battled for control of USSR.
The Communist Soviet Union Emerges
Lenin died, and Trotsky and Stalin battled for control of USSR.
 Stalin isolated Trotsky within the party and stripped him of party membership.
Trotsky fled the country in 1929, but continued to criticize Stalin
- Just as Lenin had warned, in the years that followed, Stalin used ruthless measures to win dictatorial power.

20. The Communist Soviet Union Emerges
New Government, Old Problems
Lenin Abandons War Communism
Stalin Comes to Power

21. The Communist Soviet Union Emerges
Analyze Maps Russia was by far the largest of the various republics that made up the Soviet Union. How do you think nationalism affected the Soviet Union?

22. The Communist Soviet Union Emerges
The hammer and sickle, the emblem of the Soviet Union, represented the union between the urban industrial workers (the hammer) and the rural peasants (the sickle).

23. Quiz: Causes of the February Revolution
Which of the following factors was a cause of Russia’s March Revolution ?
A. Russia’s economy remained solely focused on agriculture.
B. Nicholas was a strong ruler who used force to impose his authority.
C. Russia experienced food and fuel shortages and huge casualties in World War I.
D. The outbreak of war in 1914 fueled national pride and united Russians.

24. Quiz: Lenin Leads the Bolsheviks
How did Lenin plan to apply Marxism to Russia?
A. by putting Mensheviks in charge of government policy
B. by spontaneously overthrowing capitalism
C. by creating an elite Socialist ruling party to lead a revolution
D. by instituting widespread suffrage reform

25. Quiz: The October Revolution Brings the Bolsheviks to Power
How did the Russian provisional government contribute to the outbreak of the October Revolution?
A. by restoring power to the tsar
B. by redistributing land to peasants
C. by keeping Russia in World War I
D. by giving Lenin a position of leadership

26. Quiz: Civil War Erupts in Russia
How was Lenin’s “war communism” similar to tsarism?
A. Both relied on secret police, terror, and autocratic rule.
B. Both were based on the popular appeal of a strong, charismatic leader.
C. Both furthered the rights of individuals over the interests of the state.
D. Both were based on the inherited power of the landed aristocracy.

27. Quiz: The Communist Soviet Union Emerges
Why were political reforms ineffective under Lenin’s government?
A. Voting rights were limited.
B. The party held all of the real power.
C. Only property owners had the right to vote.
D. The Supreme Soviet was not an elected representative body.