1. The changing structure of urban settlements
SETTLEMENT DYNAMICS
The changing structure of urban settlements

2. How have urban locations changed over time?
KEY QUESTIONs
How have urban locations changed over time?
What are the changes taking place in the location of retailing & offices and in the CBD?

3. Decentralisation of retail, manufacturing and administrative companies
Essential changes
Decentralisation of retail, manufacturing and administrative companies
Decline of the CBD (or areas of it)

4. Describe the trends shown in the graph (3 marks)

5. Describe the trends shown in the graph (3 marks)

6. Traditional Retail Structure:
Low order goods bought in the local area through corner shops, or in neighbourhood shopping parades
Higher order goods bought in town and city centres.
Family owned businesses

7. 4 Stages of Retail Change
Large supermarkets relocate to edge of town sites

9. 4 Stages of Retail Change
Box malls and fast food outlets move out of town

10. 4 Stages of Retail Change
Huge regional shopping centres built eg: Merry Hill, Fosse Park

13. 4 Stages of Retail Change
The growth of E retail

14. What’s caused this change?
Increased affluence

15. What’s caused this change?
Shopping seen as a ‘leisure activity’

16. What’s caused this change?
A need for space

17. What’s caused this change?
Traffic Congestion in towns

18. What’s caused this change?
Bulk Buying trends

19. What’s caused this change?
A desire to shop in a safer environment away from the weather!

20. What’s caused this change?
The shift to motor car dominance and widespread ownership
Large areas of free parking need to be provided

21. Essential changes in retail
TASK
Read you text book pages 187 – 188.
Explain WHY decentralisation has happened

22. The changing cbd

23. Changes in CBD’s in uk cities
closed streets and pedestrianisation
altered road network to include one-way systems/bus/taxi lanes and cycle lanes
modernised city centre shops, including new shopping malls
new offices, apartments and hotels and conference centres (reurbanisation)
renovated tourist facilities and cultural attractions
refurbished or new civic buildings
multi-storey car parks adjacent to shopping malls

24. Case study task
Produce an annotated photographic collage of the changes that have taken place in a CBD you are familiar with
Use the list of changes on the previous slide as stimulus.

25. PPQ ESSAYS Page 1 2015/11 Question 12
12 (a) Describe what functional zonation is and explain why it occurs in urban areas. [7]

26. ‘Functional zonation’
Seen in urban areas
Some functions cluster in certain parts of the town or city.
Zonation can also occur laterally but also in a vertical sense.
Examples in CBDs in MEDCs are high class retail, shoe shops, solicitors, etc.
Zones may also be industrial, transport, entertainment, etc.

27. Why does functional zonation occur?
The attraction of like functions to increase custom
The operation of bid-rent and spatial competition
Comparison behaviour, such as comparison shopping
Linkages, e.g. efficiency of doing business with each other
Planning decisions
Accessibility
Social factors
Physical factors

28. factors other than bid rent that influence zonation
Planning controls
Enterprise zones/regeneration projects eg: Docklands/Cardiff Bay
Green belts eg: Coventry
Relief – coastal areas in Rio attract most expensive houses, Favellas on hills
Waterfronts (rivers, lakes) – Thames area of Maidenhead (Boulters Lock) most expensive part of the town
Wind direction (British Cities) eg: Coventrys most deprived areas such as Wood End and Hillfields are in the NE
Congestion charge zones
Transport routes – ribbon development
Ethnic segregation eg: Golders Green London (Jewish), Foleshill (Coventry)
Trends – Notting Hill
Historical sites eg: Edinburghs defensive position
Social
Economic
Political
Environmental

29. PPQ ESSAYS Page 1 2015/11 Question 12
(b) With the help of examples, explain why retailing and other services may move out from the CBD to locations near the edge of the urban area. [8]

30. why retailing and other services may move out from the CBD to locations near the edge of the urban area
Advantages of the Fringe
Disadvantages of the cbd
Lower bid rent
Savings on journey times
Route nodes and edge junctions give good access
Available space
Greener site
Relative quiet
Purpose built retail parks
High costs
Inconvenience
Congestion
Poor access
Lack of space to expand
Lack of parking
Crime

31. PPQ ESSAYS Page 2 2015/12 Question 12
(b) Explain the causes and the consequences of spatial competition within urban areas. [8]

32. CAUSES:
the desirability of urban land
lack of space.
CONSEQUENCES:
The property market is very active and competitive, property deals are highly profitable in a fast-moving market
Urban locations, especially central, highly accessible or prestigious ones, are highly valued and very expensive
Urban land-uses tend to try to maximise the use of space, e.g. high-rise in CBD, underground parking, no ‘wasted’ space, plots not vacant long
Zonation of land use
Translocation of some retailing/services to out-of-town locations.

33. PPQ ESSAYS Page 5 2014/12 Question 12
Describe the characteristic functions of Central Business Districts (CBDs). [7]
With reference to one or more urban settlements, describe how the CBD is changing and give reasons for these changes. [8]

34. PPQ ESSAYS Page 7 2013/11 Question 12
Describe the different locations in which retailing (e.g. shops and supermarkets) is found in urban areas. [7]
With the help of examples, suggest reasons why the Central Business District (CBD) in urban settlements is changing. [8]
Assess whether, in urban settlements, it is preferable to live in the CBD or in a residential suburb. [10]