2. Jupiter
Mercury and Venus
Pluto
Further distance to travel in orbit

4. ellipse
Sun Y Z X

5. 5. The picture below represents the path of a comet as it orbits around the Sun.
(a) As the comet gets closer to the Sun what happens to the strength of the gravitational force between the comet and the Sun?
(b) What happens to the comets speed as it gets closer to the Sun?
(c) As the comet nears to Sun it starts to show a tail. In which direction does the tail always point?
(d) Explain why the comet starts to show a tail as it gets closer to the Sun.
(e) What are comets made of?

6. increases increases away from Sun heat melts ice rock and ice
5. The picture below represents the path of a comet as it orbits around the Sun.
(a) As the comet gets closer to the Sun what happens to the strength of the gravitational force between the comet and the Sun?
(b) What happens to the comets speed as it gets closer to the Sun?
(c) As the comet nears to Sun it starts to show a tail. In which direction does the tail always point?
(d) Explain why the comet starts to show a tail as it gets closer to the Sun.
(e) What are comets made of?
increases
increases
away from Sun
heat melts ice
rock and ice

8. B - satellite
C – the Earth
A – distant galaxy
D – the Universe

10. Gravity and speed
above fixed point above Earth’s surface
24 hour orbit – same as Earth
orbit time is shorter - so see lots of Earth’s surface

11. Some words may be used once, more than once or not at all
2. Stars form from large clouds of gas and dust.
(a) Use the words from the following list to complete the sentences below.
Some words may be used once, more than once or not at all
Attracts Decreases Electricity Gravity
Increases Magnetism Repels Heat
Each particle in the cloud __________________ every other particle by a force called ______________ . This force accelerates the particles so their speed ________________. Therefore, the size of the cloud _____________ and the kinetic energy of the particles _______________. As the particles collide with each other they give off energy in the form of ______________ .

12. Some words may be used once, more than once or not at all
2. Stars form from large clouds of gas and dust.
(a) Use the words from the following list to complete the sentences below.
Some words may be used once, more than once or not at all
Attracts Decreases Electricity Gravity
Increases Magnetism Repels Heat
Each particle in the cloud __________________ every other particle by a force called ______________ . This force accelerates the particles so their speed ________________. Therefore, the size of the cloud _____________ and the kinetic energy of the particles _______________. As the particles collide with each other they give off energy in the form of ______________ .
attracts
gravity
decreases
increases
increases
heat

13. What causes the large gas cloud to shrink?
7. The diagram below shows the main possible stages in the life of a star.
What causes the large gas cloud to shrink?
(b) At which stage on the diagram is our Sun?
(c) Describe the forces acting on the material of the star during this stage.
(d) What factor determines the later stages in a stars life i.e. whether it becomes a white dwarf or explodes as a supernova?
Black
Body

14. gravity acting inwards is balanced by radiation pressure acting out
7. The diagram below shows the main possible stages in the life of a star.
What causes the large gas cloud to shrink?
(b) At which stage on the diagram is our Sun?
(c) Describe the forces acting on the material of the star during this stage.
(d) What factor determines the later stages in a stars life i.e. whether it becomes a white dwarf or explodes as a supernova?
Black
Body
gravity
main sequence
gravity acting inwards is balanced by radiation pressure acting out
how much Hydrogen is contained in the gas cloud at the start of the stars life

15. 3. The diagram below represents the life cycle of both a small and large mass star. Complete the diagram by adding the correct name of the object next to each stage.
Small mass stars
Large mass stars

16. Main sequence / stable stage
3. The diagram below represents the life cycle of both a small and large mass star. Complete the diagram by adding the correct name of the object next to each stage.
Small mass stars
Large mass stars
Gas cloud / nebula
Protostar
Main sequence / stable stage
Red giant
Red supergiant
Supernova
Planetary nebula
Neutron star
White dwarf
Balck Dwarf
Black hole

17. 4. Our Sun is currently in its stable period of development.
(a) Describe the forces acting on the star during this phase of development.
(b) Describe what happens within the Sun for it to go into its next stage of development.

18. gravity acting inwards is balanced by radiation pressure acting out
4. Our Sun is currently in its stable period of development.
(a) Describe the forces acting on the star during this phase of development.
(b) Describe what happens within the Sun for it to go into its next stage of development.
gravity acting inwards is balanced by radiation pressure acting out
Hydrogen gas runs out and complex nuclear reactions cause radiation pressure to increase and be greater than gravity force – Sun will expand to red giant
Very dense with high gravity, stopping light escaping
At the end of stars life, Hydrogen gas runs out and complex nuclear reactions convert helium to heavier elements

20. D - towards
A – away from
C – furthest
B – beyond