1. Cell Structure and Function
Conceptual Biology
Ch. 2 sec.1
& Ch. 3 sec. 2

2. I. Cells DRAW Cell Theory All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of living things
New cells are made from existing cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
DRAW

3. Animal Cell Plant Cell

4. All cells have: Cell membrane = thin, flexible barrier around cell
Genetic material = instructions
Cytoplasm = jelly-like material inside cell membrane

5. DRAW Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryote = does not contain a nucleus,
a. Genetic material located in cytoplasm
2. Eukaryote = contains a nucleus, larger cell with organelles
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
DRAW
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles

6. Cell Diagrams Animal Cell (draw, pg. 41)
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth
Mitochondrion
Cell
Membrane
Ribosome
(free)
(attached)

7. Plant Cell Smooth endoplasmic Vacuole reticulum (free) Chloroplast
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole

8. II. Eukaryotic Cell Structures
(Think of the cell as a factory!)
Cell Wall (outer factory walls)
Provides support & protection in producers’ cells (ex: plants)

9. Nucleus – (main office)
Controls cell activities
Holds genetic information
Chromosomes – (the boss)
thread-like structures containing the genetic information
Nucleolus
Where production of ribosomes begins

10. Nuclear Envelope – (walls of main office)
Double membrane layer around nucleus
Allows material to move into and out of nucleus
Cytoskeleton – (building’s frame)
Strings of protein that helps the cell to maintain its shape

11. Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion

12. Organelles – (factory jobs)
Ribosomes – (little protein robots)
place where proteins are put together
Endoplasmic Reticulum – (protein & lipid machines)
Rough E.R. – (Protein machines) makes proteins (ribosomes on the surface)
Smooth E.R. – (fat machines) changes fat molecules (lipids)

14. Golgi Apparatus – (packing/shipping)
proteins from E.R. move into Golgi Apparatus where proteins are organized, packaged, and shipped out
Lysosomes – (janitors)
clean up cell wastes
digest food for the cell

15. Vacuoles – (storage rooms)
where water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates are stored
Chloroplasts – (solar panels)
green, found in producers, place where energy is used from the sun for photosynthesis
Mitochondria – (engines)
uses sugar so the cell can grow, develop, and move

16. F. Venn diagrams for cells (draw)
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Cytoplasm
ribosomes
Nucleus
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Large vacuoles
Rectangle shape
Centrioles
Round shape

17. III. Movement through Membranes
Cell membrane (factory wall with many gates)
controls what enters and leaves the cell
provides protection and support
Made up of two layers of lipids
DRAW cell membrane

18. B. Passive Transport General Terms
Concentration
How much mass of something inside a volume
Ex: 12 g/L of salt water
Equilibrium = concentration is the same throughout the solution
Selectively permeable (semipermeable) membrane = some substances can pass across membrane while others cannot, water molecules move easily across
Diffusion = molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
With diffusion, substances move across a cell membrane without the use of energy

19. Osmosis = diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

20. Draw Fig. 11, pg 79 Isotonic = two solutions have equal concentrations
Hypotonic = low water concentration, high particle concentration
water goes into the cell
Hypertonic = high water concentration, high particle concentration
2. Water leaves the cell
What will happen to cells if too much water rushes out? If too much rush in?
Draw Fig. 11, pg 79

21. Facilitated Diffusion
Cell membranes have protein channels (holes in the membrane) to help some molecules diffuse faster (special entrances)
Allows large molecules, sugars, and salts to cross membranes
This is still a type of diffusion, so it does not require energy

23. Active Transport (personal escort)
Cells need to move molecules in the opposite direction of diffusion
Active Transport Needs Energy!!
This action is carried out by special protein “pumps”
Allows cells to concentrate molecules in a particular location

25. Vocabulary (define in your own words)
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
nucleus
genetic material
cytoplasm
eukaryote
prokaryote
cell wall
organelle
chromosome
ribosome
Endoplamic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosome
vacuole
mitochondria
chloroplast
cytoskeleton
cell membrane
diffusion
equilibrium
osmosis
isotonic
hypotonic
hypertonic
active transport
concentration
Semipermeable membrane