1. Introduction to the course

2. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
Electric Power System
Branch of Electrical Engineering which deal with the Technology of
Generation,
Transmission and
Distribution
DC Power system
Pearl Street Station in New York City, 1882
“Illuminating Companies” by Thomas A. Edison
Three phase AC Power System, 1896
2 Generators & Transmission 25 Hz 1
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

3. Power System Components
Generation subsystem
Transmission subsystem
Sub-transmission subsystem
Distribution subsystem
Protection & Control subsystem
Most complex man made system !
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

4. Power System Structure
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

5. Power System Structure
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

6. Transmission & Distribution Voltage Levels
Transmission Networks – EHV AC or HVDC
765 kV/ 400 kV/ 220 kV AC or  500 kV DC
AC Sub-Transmission Networks
132 kV/ 110 kV/ 66 kV/ 33 KV
AC Distribution Network
Primary side: 11 kV
Secondary side: 415 V, 4 wire
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

7. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
Substation
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

8. Substation components
Lightning arrester
Carrier line communication equipments (Wave Trap)
Instrument Transformers (CT, PT)
Circuit Breakers
Isolators
Bus bars
Power Transformers
Control room
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

9. Protection & Control subsystem
Power System Faults – Open Circuit & Short Circuit
Fail free Power System is Hypothetical.
Faults are detected automatically by Relays & Isolated by Circuit Breakers
Issues are Speed, Sensitivity, Selectivity, Reliability
Auto reclosure scheme, Blackouts
Microprocessor based relays
Modern Trends - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems
Components – Multiple RTUs, Master Station, & Communication Infrastructure
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

10. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
EHVAC vs HVDC
Right of way to transmit 6,000 MW with two DC lines vs. five 500 kV AC lines
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

11. Sector wise Power consumption in India (2002)
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

12. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
Types of Load
Industrial load
3 phase; Inductive
Complex tariff structure
Domestic / Commercial loads
1-phase; Resistive
Tariff based on energy consumed - kWHr
Appliances & Power Rating
Incandescent lamps (5 W to 100 W)
Fluorescent lamps (20 W & 40 W); CFL (5 W to 25 W)
Air Conditioner (1.5 T) 1800 W
Electric Iron (750 W)
Heaters/ Geysers (2 kW)
Ceiling Fan (60 W)
Washing Machine (with heater) (2.5 kW)
Refrigerator (160 W)
PC (200 W), Laptop (40 W)
Reduce Electricity bill by minimizing the use of heating / environmental conditioning gadgets
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

13. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
Power Sector Reforms
Background
State Electricity Boards (SEBs) are responsible for providing electricity to the people
SEBs are not even able to earn a minimum Rate of Return (RoR) of 3% on their net fixed assets in service
Reforms in power sector was initiated in 1991
2001: Decided to achieve Commercial viability in distribution in 2-3 years
Create profit centres with full accountability
Handing over local distribution to Panchayats/Local bodies/Franchisees/Users association
Privatization of distribution
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

14. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
Electricity Act 2003
National Electricity Policy on
Rural Electrification,
Open access in transmission,
Phased open access in distribution,
Mandatory State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC),
License free generation and distribution,
Power trading,
Mandatory metering,
Stringent penalties for theft of electricity
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

15. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
Summary
Power System deals with Generation, Transmission & Distribution of Electric Energy
Bulk Power Generation is 3 Phase 11 kV to 22 kV
Transmission Networks – EHV AC or HVDC
765 kV/ 400 kV/ 220 kV AC or  500 kV DC
AC Sub-Transmission Networks
132 kV/ 110 kV/ 66 kV/ 33 KV
Distribution Network
Primary side: 11 kV & Secondary side: 415 V, 4 wire
Protection & Control
Relays, Switchgears
Substations
Control room & Switchyard
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

16. Additional resources & Slides
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

17. TRANSMISSION NETWORK – A Glance
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

18. Over head lines vs. Cables
Transmission/ Sub-transmission network – Over head lines
Air is a good Insulator – 30 kV/cm
ACSR – Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

19. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
Power Cables
Steel Wire Armored Cable (SWA) PVC
A: Conductor  B: Semicon Conductor Shielding C: XLP Insulation D: Semicon Layer    E: Metallic Shielding  F: Binder Tape    G: Jacket
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

20. Power Scenario in India
Power Situation: (April February 2006)
Demand Met Surplus/ Deficit
Energy 575,384 MU 527,539 MU %
Peak Demand 92,968 MW 81,370 MW %
Consumption per capita
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

21. Consumption per capita Global…
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

22. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
Installed Capacity
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

23. Investments in Power Sector
PLANWISE
OUTLAY
PLANWISE
EXPENDITURE
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

24. Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal
Transmission…
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

25. Rural Electrification
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

26. Rural Electrification
No. of Villages (Census 1991) 593,732 Villages Electrified (31st March 2004) 474,982 Electrification % 80%
Rural Households (Census 2001) 138,271,559 Having access 60,180,685 Electrification % 44%
ELE 101 / 102
Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal