1. Infection control in Haemodialysis
Prepared by
Dr .AZIZA EL Said
Medical surgical nursing
faculty of nursing
Alex university

3. Outlines Introduction. Definition :
Infection
Infection control
Chain Of Infection:
Definition
Components of infection cycle:
Infectious agent.
Reservoir.
Portal of exit.
Mode of transmission.
Place of entry.
Susceptible host.
Importance of Infection Control practices.

4. Standard precautions:
Hand washing (hand hygiene).
Personal protective equipment.
Aseptic techniques.
Reprocessing of medical equipment (cleaning, disinfection and sterilization).
Environmental cleaning and spills-management.
Waste management and sharp disposal.
implementation of infection control practices and role of nurses. .

5. Infection:-
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body.

6. Infection control:-
Means decrease the infection by microorganisms and prevent transmission of life threatening such as HIV.

7. Chain of infection
Infection cannot occur unless all key elements are present: an infectious agent, a source of the agent, a susceptible host to receive the agent, and most critically, away for the agent to be transmitted from the source to the host. The interaction among these elements is known as the “chain of infection,” or “disease transmission Cycle,” which emphasizes the necessary linkages among all elements.

8. Importance of Infection Control practice :
Prevent post procedure infections including surgical-site infections.
Provide high-quality, safe service.
Prevent infections in staff.
Protect the community from infections that may originate in health care facilities.
Prevent or reduce the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms.
Lower the costs of health care services, since prevention is more economical than treatment.

10. Steps for anti septic hand washing
Remove galleries and open tap
Wet hands and forearms till 2.5 cm below the elbow
Use an antiseptic hand wash preparation (e.g. Chlorhexidine gluconate) 4% orbetadine7.5% (Iodophor).
Apply the selected product to palm of one hand and rub hands and fingers together, covering all surfaces of hands and forearm (as described in the routine hand washing steps) till 2.5 cm below the elbow.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations on volume and duration of use of the antiseptic used ( for at least 2 minutes for betadine and until dryness with alcohol)
Rinse hands with water.
Dry the hands using sterile towels.
Close tap with elbows, or with a paper towel after drying of the hands .

11. Hand rub with alcohol
Is don when it is not possible to perform hand washing due to lack of its facilities or difficulty in access to it
Technique of Hand rub with alcohol
Ensure that hands is clean (visibly soiled or dirty )
Put 3-5 ml of alcohol solution in hand palm and rub hands with it following the previous steps until hands become completely dry.

13. Waste management and sharp disposal
Health-care medical waste is a by-product of health care that includes sharps, non-sharps, blood, body parts, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and radioactive materials.

14. The Different Types of Waste
Wastes and by-products cover a diverse range of materials and can be divided into two categories:
Non-medical waste.
Medical waste:
Infectious waste
Anatomic wastes
Sharps waste
Chemical waste
Pharmaceutical waste
Genotoxic waste
Radioactive materials
Heavy metals

15. Steps of medical waste management
Sorting.
Handling
Interim Storage.
Processing
Transporting solid medical waste outside health facility
Final Disposal .

16. Sorting Sorting is separating waste by type .
Color code system for sorting non sharp solid wastes:
Colored bags (eg. red ): are used for infectious and pathologic waste that needs to be incinerated or sterilized or.
Black bags are for general waste (non hazardous)that is to be disposed with the normal general waste and is to be transferred by the municipals.
 System for sorting sharp wastes: using sharp containers .

17. 2- Handling Waste handling tips :
Handling is collecting and transporting waste within the facility.
Waste handling tips :
Handle medical waste as little as possible.
Medical waste and sharps containers should be discarded when they are three quarters full or at least once per day.
Never put hands into a container that holds medical waste.
Do not empty medical waste into open carts because this increases the risk of injury to staff, patients, and visitors, and may lead to spills and to environmental contamination. .

18. Safe Sharps Disposal
The primary cause of occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens in all health care personnel is injury from needle sticks or other sharp objects. At least 20 pathogens have been known to be transmitted following percutaneous exposure to blood. The most important of these pathogens are
hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV. Infections with each of these pathogens are potentially life threatening – and preventable.

19. Safe Sharps Disposal Most of workers Injuries occur due to:
Recapping, bending, or breaking needles;
Inserting a needle into a test tube or specimen container and
missing the target;
Injury from a person carrying unprotected sharps;
Sharps that are present in unexpected places, like linens;
During complex surgical procedures;
Handling or disposing of waste that contains used sharps,
Patients moving suddenly during injections

20. One hand” technique for needle recapping:
This technique is used when it is necessary to recap syringe and is done in the following steps:
Step 1
Place the cap on a flat surface, and then remove your hand from the cap.
Step 2
With one hand, hold the syringe and use the needle to scoop up”
the cap“
Step 3
When the cap covers the needle completely, use the other hand to secure the cap on the needle hub. Be careful to handle the cap at the bottom only (near the hub).

21. Hands-free Technique for Passing Sharps:
Always pass sharps in such a way that the surgeon and assistant are never touching the item at the same time
The assistant puts the sharp in a sterile kidney basin or other “safe zone” in the sterile field.
The assistant tells the service provider that the sharp is in the safe zone.
The provider picks up the sharp item, uses it, and returns it to the safe zone.

22. Tips for performance criteria of sharps containers
Functionality: Containers should remain in a good state during their entire usage. They should be leak resistant on their sides and bottoms, and puncture resistant until final disposal.
Accessibility: Containers should be accessible to all workers who use, maintain, or dispose of sharp devices. Containers should be placed in all areas where sharps are used and, if necessary, portable within the workplace.
Visibility: Containers should be plainly visible to the workers who use them. Workers should be able to see the degree to which the container is full and proper warning labels.
Accommodation: Container designs should be convenient, environmentally sound, and easy to store.

23. Tips to Prevent Sharp Injuries
Do not bend, break, or cut sharps. Shearing or breaking of needles is prohibited;
Concentrate on what you are doing and don’t get distracted;
Dispose of all sharps in an approved puncture-resistant container as soon after use as
possible.
Needle and syringe should be disposed as one unit if possible.
Do not recap needles unless absolutely necessary. If recapped, never use two hands,
instead use the one-hand “scoop” technique (see above);
Do not overfill sharps disposal container. Seal the container and replace when it is .
full;
Do not empty sharps containers. Dispose of whole container as one unit.
Wear utility gloves when disposing of medical waste including sharps containers.
Use the hands-free technique (see above) when passing sharps.
To prevent sharp injuries during transport of medical waste, use a puncture proof
container that remain closed.