1. Inter-regional Schemes across the Mediterranean
Sotiris Petropoulos
University of the Peloponnese

2. Source: WTO, 2013

4. FTAA
NAFTA
EU-Mercosur EU
MERCOSUR

5. Inter-regionalism: cooperation between regions
Definitions
Inter-regionalism: cooperation between regions
Trade
Finance
Political
Parliamentary..
√ the issue of geographical proximity is more complex
√ Increased level of exchanges

6. Issues
Region-to-region or
Regional Integration Scheme to Regional Integration Scheme
Issue of asymmetry
Issue of culture

8. Wippel 2005

10. EU-Med Relations
Phase A:
3 periods: a to 1972 bilateral relations – partnership agreements b to 1985 Med Policy c to 1995 Revitalized Med Policy

11. General Characteristics
General Characteristics
Not fully integrated EU policies
European South
Trade Agreements

12. General Characteristics
General Characteristics
Trade
Finance
Democracy

13. General Characteristics
General Characteristics
Bilateral Finance Protocols
March 1995 – Greece lifted its veto for the 4th financial protocol to Turkey

14. Τι είναι η ΕΠΓ; European Neighborhood Policy (ENP)
The EU-Med Framework
European Neighborhood Policy (ENP)
A framework for dealing with EU’s neighbors
Those in the East and South for which the EU has not given the prospect of accession
Aim: closer ties
Τι είναι η ΕΠΓ;

15. Γενικά Στοιχεία για την ΕΠΓ
ENP
Initiated during 2003/2004 (notion of Greater Europe)
16 countries
10 in the South/Med (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Libya)
Both bilateral and multilateral framework
Γενικά Στοιχεία για την ΕΠΓ

16. Multilateral – the South
The Barcelona Process
Initiated in 1995
Seeking to create a Mediterranean region of peace, security and shared prosperity.
Three Pillars:
Political and Security Dialogue (sustainable development, rule of law, democracy and human rights)
Economic and Financial Partnership (free-trade area leading to sustainable and balanced socio-economic development)
Social, Cultural and Human Partnership (understanding and intercultural dialogue)

17. 2005 – added migration as a 4th pillar EC earmarked €16 billion
Multilateral – the South
2005 – added migration as a 4th pillar
EC earmarked €16 billion
EIB to channel €2 billion per year
Re-launched as the Union for the Mediterranean (2008) why?
10th anniversary – low participation by heads of states

19. Multilateral – the South
Union for the Mediterranean
More members (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mauritania, Monaco, Montenegro and Turkey)
Issues:
Med de-pollution
Establishment of maritime and land highways to facilitate movement of people and goods
Prevention, preparation and response to natural and man-made disasters
Mediterranean solar energy plan
Euro-Mediterranean University (Slovenia)
Mediterranean Business Development Initiative – supports small businesses

20. Union for the Mediterranean
Multilateral – the South
Union for the Mediterranean
Permanent secretariat – 2010, Barcelona, SG being non-EU
Co-presidency – 1/1 basis (France/Egypt, EU/Jordan)
Biennial Summits of Heads of State and Government

21. Phase B: 1995-
The ENP continues to promote bilateral relations The UfM operates in a more technocratic fashion and not politically Enhances the partnership component (co-presidency) More role to third Med countries, the private sector and cross border cooperation