1. Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 3rd Edition Chapter 2: Psychoanalysis
Mario De La Garza, M.Ed.
University of North Texas
adapted from
Janice Miner Holden, Ed.D.

2. Historical Context Age of Enlightenment/Age of Reason
Perfection through science and education
Age of Anxiety after WWI
Victorian value of sexual restraint
Anti-Semitism

3. Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) First-born and favored by his mother
Before anything else, a scientist
Interested in archaeology
Interested in military language and imagery
Memories of jealousy and sexual arousal

4. 3 Phases of Development of Psychoanalysis
Phase I (1880s – 1905)
Used free association for cathartic release
Phase II (1905 – 1910)
Abandoned seduction theory
Theorized that seduction fantasies led to neurosis
Developed drive/structure model
Vienna Psychoanalytical Society
Phase III (1911 – 1939)
Developed ideas concerning biological drives and their influence on relationships

5. Philosophical Underpinnings
Newtonian view
Conservation of energy
Forces
Cause and effect
Positivism
Empiricism
Scientific method

6. Personality Development: Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Energy
Drives to satisfy innate biological needs
Pleasure principle
Primary and secondary process
Cathexis and anticathexis

7. Personality Development: Nature of Humans
Structure of the Psyche
Topographical Model
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
Structural Model Id
Ego
Superego

8. Personality Development: Nature of Humans

9. Personality Development: Nature of Humans
Dreams
Ego distorts and transforms id’s wishes into symbols
Manifest content: what one remembers
Latent content: original wish(es)
Single best source for understanding unconscious mind and its primary process

10. Personality Development: Nature of Humans
Defense mechanisms
Two characteristics
Deny or distort reality
Operate unconsciously
Three categories
Avoidance
Developmental
Substitution
Always leave a residual of anxiety

11. Personality Development: Role of the Environment
Infantile determinism
Three forms of environmental assault
Privation
Deprivation
Trauma
Familial influence
Extrafamilial influence

12. Personality Development: Interaction of Human Nature and the Environment
Nature: Drives
Environmental Frustration
Psychosexual Development
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latent stage
Genital stage

13. Personality Development: View of Functioning
Healthy
Normal cognitive abilities
Absence of propensity for excessive anxiety
Moderate gratification and frustration
Minimal use of defense mechanisms
Unhealthy
Weakened/underdeveloped ego
Excessive indulgence
Extreme privation, deprivation, or abuse

14. Personality Change: Basic Principles
Key process: insight (making the unconscious conscious)
Where that key process is likely
Not to occur
To occur
…and why

15. Personality Change: Change Through Counseling
Client’s role
Free association
Counselor’s role
Empathy
Intuition
Introspection
Detached and objective
Stages
Opening
Transference
Working through
Resolution

16. Personality Change: Change Through Counseling
Techniques
Free association
Interpretation
Dreamwork
Addressing resistance
Acknowledge and analyze
Discontinue and restate at different time

17. Contributions and Limitations: Interface With Recent Developments
Nature/nurture question
Genetics research putting more emphasis on biological forces
Genetics research also causing revision of blaming parents
DSM 5 diagnosis
Freud trained as a physician
Diagnosis was part of that training

18. Contributions and Limitations: Interface With Recent Developments
Pharmacotherapy
Freud trained as a physician
He wrote about possibilities
Managed care and brief therapy
Antithetical
Technical eclecticism
Techniques used by virtually every other approach to counseling

19. Contributions and Limitations: Interface With Recent Developments
Diversity issues
Theory lacks diversity
Freud considered chauvinistic and heterosexist
Spirituality
Religion resulted from wish to regress
Religion assuaged unconscious guilt
Research on personality development and function
Some ideas have been supported and other ideas negated by more recent research
Effectiveness of psychotherapy
Lack of research on efficacy

20. Contributions and Limitations: Summary Topics
Weaknesses of theory/therapy
Questionable efficacy
Unavailable to many people
Culture-bound
Contradicts recent research
Fails to account for a genuine spiritual domain
Disempowering to clients

21. Contributions and Limitations: Summary Topics
Distinguishing additions
Founding theory of counseling and psychotherapy
“Psychologized” Western culture
Current status
Some analysts are moving from a position of objectivity in relation to clients to one of intersubjectivity

22. References
Fall, K. A., Holden, J. M., & Marquis, A. (2016). Theoretical models of counseling and psychotherapy (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.