1. Measuring & Calculating
Problem solving and problem solving techniques.(Scientific method)
7 basic steps on page 26, do 1-3 p.26
Qualitative---property w/o measuring
Quantitative---amount or how much

2. Measurement and the Scientific Method
Galileo was 1 of the first modern scientists.
( )
He developed the scientific method of observation, experimentation and analysis.
His scientific method is now used universally throughout the world.

3. Metric System-(SI) Time-seconds Length-meter Quantity-kilogram
Temperature-Celsius or Kelvin
Volume-Liter
Electric current-ampere
amount of substance-mole
intensity of light-candela

4. Time unit - Second
The standard unit of time is the second. It was once defined as 1/86,400 of a mean solar day. (The average length of a day over a period of a year = a mean solar day.)
In 1967 a second was redefined in the terms of one type of radiation emitted by cesium-133.

5. Length-(meter)
1st defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator.
In 1960, it was redefined as a multiple of a wavelength of light emitted by krypton-86.
In 1982, it was redefined again as the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 second.

6. Mass-(kilogram)
The kilogram is the mass of a platinum-iridium metal cylinder kept near Paris.

7. Prefixes used with SI units
Metric units differ from one another by factors of ten.
milli,centi,deci,(UNIT),deka,hecto,kilo (do 4 & 5 p.30)

8. Fundamental and Derived Units
The fundamental quantities and their units are: Mass(kilogram) ,Length(meter), and Time(second).
Derived quantities are combinations of the fundamental quantities. Density=mass/volume = mass/(length)3

9. Scientific Notation Used to write very large or very small numbers.
a number between 1 and 10 raised to a power
M X 10n
In the above expression M is between 1 & 10 and n is an integer.
Numbers greater than 1 have a + exponent and numbers less than 1 have a - exponent.
If the exponent is 0 the number is 1.

10. Adding & Subtracting Exponents
The numbers to be added or subtracted must have equal exponents
Decimal points must be moved until they are the same

11. Multiplying in Sci. Notation
Measurements in scientific notation can be multiplied whether or not the exponents are the same
The product of 2 numbers in scientific notation can be expressed by multiplying the values of M times ten raised to the sum of their exponents.

12. Dividing in Sci. Notation
Measurements in scientific notation can be divided whether or not the exponents are the same or not.
The quotient of 2 numbers in scientific notation can be determined by the quotient of the values of M times 10 raised to the difference of their exponents.

13. Uncertainties of Measurements
All measurements are subject to uncertainties.
Heat, magnetic fields and frame of reference can cause uncertainties.
A parallax (the shift in the position of an object when viewed from a different angle) is a common cause of uncertainty in measurements.

14. Accuracy Describes how well the result agrees with a standard value.
Depends on both the observer and the instrument.

15. Precision of a measurement
Describes how exactly it was measured
The smallest division on a scale defines the precision.

16. Significant Digits
all the digits of a measurement that are certain plus one estimated digit
The final digit in a measurement is the estimated digit.
Nonzero digits, final zeros after the decimal point, zeros between other significant digits
Zeros for spacing the decimal are not significant.

17. Adding or subtracting sig.digs.
The sum or difference of 2 numbers is as precise as the least precise value.
Between 6.48 and 18.2, 18.2 is the least precise.

18. Multiplying or dividing sig. digs.
The # of sig. digs. in a product or quotient is the # in the factor with the lesser # of sig. digs.

19. Density Density = mass/volume
The density of water is 1 g/ml=1 gram=1cubic centimeter
1000ml=1liter=1dm3
29.6ml=1 ounce