1. Phonetics Articulation – Classification – Transcriptionor
Say, understand and write

2. Books
1. Peter Roach, English phonetics and phonology, Cambridge University Press
2. Anna Mańkowska, Marta Nowacka, Magdalena Kłoczowska, How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck? English pronunciation practice book, Konsorcjum Akademickie. Kraków-Rzeszów-Zamość
3. Ann Baker, Ship or Sheep? An intermediate pronunciation course, Cambridge University Press

3. Phonetics vs. Phonology
Phonology concerns cultural issues. Phonetics concerns physical issues.

4. What is Phonetics ?
It is the study of human speech as a physical phenomenon.
Articulation
Acoustics
Perception

5. Speech apparatus

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26. Speech apparatus

27. Speech sounds
Consonants
[t, s, p…]
Vowels
[a, e, o…]

28. Consonants: parameters
Voiced vs. voiceless
Oral vs. nasal
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation

29. Voicing
Voiced sounds – the vocal cords are closed and vibrate [d, z, n, a, o…]
Voiceless sounds – the vocal cords are open and air flows freely [t, s, k, p…]

30. Voicing
Men and women have different vocal fold sizes. The difference in vocal fold size between men and women causes a difference in vocal pitch. There are also differences in pitch among women, and differences in pitch among men.
Male vocal folds are between 17.5mm and 25mm in length, and female vocal folds are between 12.5mm and 17.5mm in length.
Simply speaking, larger folds give lower pitch.

31. Oral and nasal sounds Mostly, we produce oral sounds.
But we can lower the soft palate to pronounce sounds like [m] or [n]

32. Place of articulation bilabial
the lower lip articulates against the upper lip
Say:
pen – bed – man – baby

33. Place of articulation labiodental
the lower lip articulates against the upper teeth
Say:
fall – feel – vowel – voice

34. Place of articulation dental
the tongue tip articulates against the upper teeth (also referred to as interdental)
Say:
think– north – south – mother – father - together

35. Place of articulation alveolar
the tongue tip and/or blade articulates against the teeth ridge
Say:
tea – did – no – so – zoo – leg – red – lorry

36. Place of articulation post-alveolar
the tongue front articulates immediately behind the teeth ridge
Say:
she – action – vision – pleasure – chin – cheek – June – Jane

37. Place of articulation palatal
the tongue front articulates against the hard palate
Say:
yes– yahoo – huge – tune

38. Place of articulation velar
the tongue back articulates against the soft palate
Say:
cat – come – get – go – long – thing

39. Place of articulation labial-velar
the lips are rounded simultaneously with velar articulation
Say:
way – what – wide

40. Place of articulation glottal
the vocal folds themselves are the place of articulation
Say:
how – have – behind – hundred
uh-oh

41. MANNER of articulation
plosive / stop
complete, air-tight closure in the mouth, while the soft palate is raised
Say:
pen – tea – did – bed – cat – get

42. MANNER of articulation
fricative
partial closure in the mouth, such that the passage of air at that place creates friction; the soft palate is raised
Say:
fall – voice – think – brother – such – zed – sheep – vision – however

43. MANNER of articulation
affricate
first a plosive, then a fricative, articulated at the same, or a close place; the soft palate is raised
Say:
chain – church – jubilee – Janet

44. MANNER of articulation
approximant
an articulator approaches a place of articulation closely, but without friction; the soft palate is raised
Say:
liquids: leg – red – lorry
glides/semi-vowels: want – wave – yes – you

45. Vowels: parameters Height: high, mid, low Place: front, central, back
Lips: rounded, unrounded
Tongue tension: tense, lax
+ Length

46. Vowels: parameters

47. Vowels: INTERNATIONAL
British vowels in blue, Polish vowels in red
(Polish: /i/ – mit, /ɛ/ – ten, /a/ – kat, /ɔ/ – rok, /u/ – luk, /ɨ/ – był.)
(British: /i/ – tea, meet, /ɪ/ – it, kill, lucky, /e/ – men, ten, tell, /æ/ – cat, pal, /a/ – luck, dull, other, /ɑ/ – father, yard, heart, /ɒ/ – rock, dog, /o/ – saw, stalk, bought, call, /ʊ/ – look, put, /u/ – moon, runes, rule, /ɜ/ – girl, turn, word, kernel, /ə/ – about, colour, sister.)

48. Vowels: INTERNATIONAL
Polish
Ukrainian

49. Vowels: parameters

50. Vowels - diphthongs

51. Vowels - diphthongs /eı/ Say: aim – pain – play /aı/
Say: ice – bite – buy
/οı/
Say: oil – boil – boy

52. Vowels - diphthongs /aυ/ Say: out – bout – cow /əυ/
Say: over – boat – go

53. Vowels - diphthongs /ıə/ Say: ear – fierce – fear /υə/
Say: during – cure
/eə/
Say: care – careful – aeroplane

54. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
What is IPA?
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
A standardized system for representing the sounds of languages.
Devised in 1886 by language teachers, who later formed the International Phonetic Association
Based primarily on the Latin alphabet (most letters are Latin or Greek, or modifications thereof; a few letters inspired by other writing systems)
Only lower-case letters
One letter for each distinctive sound (unless the sound itself is complex)
107 letters represent consonants and vowels, 31 diacritics and 19 additional signs
Two principal types of brackets: [square brackets] and /slashes/
Narrow transcription vs. broad transcription
Dictionaries: British, American, monolingual, bilingual

55. Transcription (IPA)
British English uses
44 of all IPA symbols.

56. Transcription (IPA) British English sounds:
Phonetic alphabet:
Practice at home: