1. Chapter 4 Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality: Identity

2. Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Analogy
Humans are conscious actors and strivers

3. Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
View of free will
Though personality is largely determined by unconscious forces, individuals do have the ability to overcome these

4. Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Common assessment techniques
Varies from free association to situational and autobiographical study, with an emphasis on self- concept

5. Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Implications for therapy
As with psychoanalytic therapy, insight into inner motives is key
But because the ego is central, there is less concern with unconscious motivation

6. Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

7. Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

8. Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

9. Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

10. Carl Jung The mind/psyche has three parts: Ego
The personal unconscious
The collective unconscious

11. Carl Jung Parts of the mind: Ego The conscious part of personality
Embodies the sense of self
Similar to Freud’s concept of ego

12. Carl Jung Parts of the mind: The personal unconscious
Contains thoughts that are not currently part of conscious awareness
Not only threatening and unacceptable material, but all non-conscious material
Contains past and “future” material

13. Carl Jung Parts of the mind: The collective unconscious
A deeper level of the unconscious
Shared with the rest of humanity
Contains archetypes
universal emotional symbols

14. Carl Jung Archetypes: Animus/Anima
Male element in a woman/female element in a man
Persona and Shadow
Socially acceptable front vs. dark and unacceptable side of personality
Mother
Embodiment of generativity and fertility
Hero and Demon
Strong force for good vs. cruelty and evil

15. Carl Jung
Complexes
A “complex” is a group of emotionally charged thoughts that are related to a particular theme
Jung created a word association test to study complexes
The pattern of words produced reveals the complex

16. Carl Jung
Example word-association test: As soon as a word appears, say aloud the first word you think of Words will appear one by one

17. Head Green Water Death Ship

18. ROTTER INCOMPLETE SENTENCE COMPLETION COLLEGE FORM Name…………………
ROTTER INCOMPLETE SENTENCE COMPLETION COLLEGE FORM Name…………………. Sex………………. Age…………..Marital state……………….. Place……………………………………………. Date……….. Complete these sentences to express your real feeling. Try to do every one. Be sure to make complete sentences. 1. I like…………………………………………………………………………………… The happiest time……………………………………………………………………… I want to know……………………………………………………………………… Back home……………………………………………………………………………….. 5. I regret……………………………………………………………………………………. 6. At bedtime ……………………………………………………………………………….. 7. Boys……………………………………………………………………………………....

19. Carl Jung 4 functions 2 attitudes 8 types (4 x 2) Typology
Each person has a “best fit” to one type
Determined by the person’s dominant function and dominant attitude
Forms the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
1.) ENERJİNİZİ YÖNLENDİRDİĞİNİZ İLK KAYNAK NERESİ OLUR?
EXTRAVERSION VS INTROVERSION
2.) BİLGİYİ NE ŞEKİLDE İŞLEMEYİ TERCİH EDERSİNİZ?
SENSING VS INTUITIVE
3.) KARARLARINIZI NASIL ALMAYI TERCİH EDERSİNİZ?
THINKING VS FEELING
4.) HAYATINIZI NASIL DÜZENLEMEYİ TERCİH EDERSİNİZ?
JUDGING VS SENSING
BAK MYERS BRIGGS DOCUMENT IN TURKISH

20. Carl Jung - The four functions of the mind – WAYS OF PERCEIVING THE WORLD
Sensing
Thinking
Feeling
Intuiting
accepting known facts, experience, now, feasibility
analytical, objective, critical, observant
subjective, personal, appreciative, participatory, value- based, now-focus
new possibilities, novelty, creativity, future oriented, idealist

21. Carl Jung The two major attitudes of the mind: Extroversion
Directs psychic energy toward things in the external world;
Orientation toward external world & others
Introversion
Directs psychic energy inward
Orientation toward one’s own thoughts & feelings

22. Forerunner of Many other Psychologists, both Humanistic and Cognitive
Alfred Adler
“Individual Psychology”
Emphasizes the importance of social conditions on personality
Was a critic of Freud’s theory & had interpersonal conflict with Freud
Life of Adler
Lived in Austria
Sick as child; jealous of older brother
Feelings of inferiority
Compensation for weaknesses through persistence
Life of Adler, cont’d.
Studied medicine, neurology & psychiatry
Discussed ideas but did not study with Freud
Was a critic of Freud’s theory & had interpersonal conflict with Freud
Forerunner of Many other Psychologists, both Humanistic and Cognitive
Influenced
Karen Horney (social factors),
Gordon Allport (unity of personality),
Henry Murray (individual traits),
Julian Rotter (expectancies), and
Abraham Maslow (Self-actualization.
Rollo May, and Carl Rogers

23. Alfred Adler
Forerunner of many other Psychologists, both Humanistic and Cognitive
Influenced
Karen Horney (social factors),
Gordon Allport (unity of personality),
Henry Murray (individual traits),
Julian Rotter (expectancies), and
Abraham Maslow (Self-actualization.
Rollo May, and Carl Rogers

24. Adler on Delusions of Power – There are two innate forces that shape our lifestyles/personality: Social interest and striving for perfection
"The striving for personal power is a disastrous delusion and poisons man's living together. Whoever desires the human community must renounce the striving for power over others."
"One thing can save us: the mistrust of any form of predominance. Our strength lies in conviction, in organizing strength, in a world view, not in the violence of armament and not in emergency laws.”
"For us the way and tactics emerge from our highest goal: the nursing and strengthening of social feeling.“ – GEMEINSCHAFTSGEFÜHL / COMMUNITY FEELING

25. Alfred Adler Three fundamental social issues: Occupational tasks
Societal tasks
Love tasks
Expansion of Freud’s approach to increase emphasis on society and social relations

26. Alfred Adler Striving for superiority The central core of personality
Inferiority complex
Superiority complex (compensating for sense of inferiority)
Organ inferiority—everyone is born with some physical weakness

27. Inferiority Feelings
All human behavior is goal directed, and every individual strives for superiority
Inferiority
Source of human striving
Normal condition of all people

28. Inferiority Feelings
Compensation Motivation to overcome inferiority Inferiority may be real or imagined Function of environment (helplessness and dependence on adults are shared feelings of infants)

29. Striving for superiority increases tension
Complexes
Superiority Complex
Inferiority Complex
Inability to overcome for normal inferiority
Sources of inferiority – real or imagined
Organic inferiority, Spoiling, Neglect
Low self-concept, helpless
Overcompensation for normal inferiority of oneself
Self-centered, denigrates others
Urge toward perfection or completion
BUT not an attempt to be better than others!
--The ultimate goal: Fictional Finalism
Imagined or potential goal that guides behavior – (the ultimate one: perfection)
Striving for superiority increases tension
Striving for superiority is manifested by both the individual and society
Individual and society are interrelated and must function for the good of all

30. Alfred Adler Aggression drive
the drive to lash out against the inability to achieve something
A reaction to perceived helplessness
Masculine protest
the individual’s attempt to be competent and independent (both boys and girls)

31. Alfred Adler Superiority striving
Striving to obtain power and superiority over one’s own inferiority
Perfection striving
Striving to meet fictional goals
Fictional goals reflect an individual's view of perfection

32. The Style of Life - what could be called our personality or self…
Unique structure/pattern of striving
a unique pattern of characteristics, behaviors and habits that serve the ultimate goal of superiority/perfection
Influenced by social environment early in life
Birth order
Nature of parent-child relationship
Determines what we attend to in life and our attitudes, is the guiding framework

33. Alfred Adler Birth order and family dynamics First-born children
Second-born children
Last-born children
Current findings
Frank Sulloway
First born: success and achievement
Later born: revolutionary and creative

34. Manifestations of Style of Life
Reflected in faulty logic – ADLER FIRST TO MENTION PRIVATE LOGIC, HE NAMED ‘CHATTERBOX’
‘I belong only when I am noticed’
‘I belong only when I rule’
‘I belong only when I hurt others’
‘I am unable, others shouldn’t rely on me’
Reflected in misbehaviors (such as power, attention seeking, display of inadequacy, and revenge)

35. How is Style of Life Created?
Creative power of self Adler suggested that lifestyle is set by the age of 4-5, But also proposed: the perception of the early life experiences and our choices/free will will determine our personality Ability to create an appropriate style of life

36. How is Style of Life Created?
Creative power of self
Comparison with Freud: Adler not as clear as Freud when it comes to determinism
Different from Freud: Adler asserts that the individual’s drives are not as important as how individuals creatively direct them

37. Alfred Adler
Personality Typology

38. Karen Horney
Feminist neo-analytic theory Rejection of Freudian notion of penis envy Envy of masculine freedoms and privileges

39. Karen Horney
Basic anxiety—a child’s fear of being alone, helpless, and insecure
Styles of coping with basic anxiety
Passive (complying)
Aggressive (fighting)
Withdrawn (disengaging)

40. Karen Horney Different aspects of the self Real self
The inner core of personality
Despised self
Feelings of inferiority and shortcomings
Ideal self
One’s view of perfection
“Tyranny of the should”
Goal of psychoanalysis is acceptance of the Real Self

41. Karen Horney
When alienated from the Real Self, people develop neurotic coping strategies
Moving toward
Striving to make others happy and gain love
Moving against
Striving for power and recognition
Moving away
Withdrawal of emotional investment

42. Other Neo-Analysts Anna Freud Emphasized social influences on the ego
Gave the ego more power
Studied children and teens
Heinz Hartmann
The “father of ego psychology”
Gave the ego more autonomy
Id and ego in compensatory relationship

43. Object Relations Theories
Focus on the importance of relations with others in defining ourselves
Margaret Mahler
Theory of symbiosis (mother-child)
Symbiotic psychotic (no sense of self)
Normal symbiotic (healthy ego)
Emphasized the importance of parenting skills

44. Object Relations Theories
Melanie Klein
The first significant child psychoanalyst
Developed technique of play therapy
Heinz Kohut
Fear of loss (of parent)
Narcissistic personality disorder

45. Erik Erikson Neoanalytic stage theory Continues throughout life
Unlike Freudian psychoanalytic theory, not focused on libido and sexual gratification
Structured as a series of “ego crises” to be resolved
Outcome of successful resolution of each stage is an “ego skill” mastered

46. Erik Erikson
Erikson’s Stage Theory (early stages)

47. Erik Erikson
Erikson’s Stage Theory (later stages)

48. Some Modern Approaches to Identity
Jonathan Cheek
Personal versus social self
Communal/collective identity and relational identity
Self-monitoring (Mark Snyder)
Dispositional and situational orientations
Personal projects, personal strivings, life tasks
Possible selves
The search for a meaningful life (not empty self- esteem)

49. Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Advantages
Importance of the goal-oriented nature of humans
Acknowledges impact of society and culture
Development continues throughout the life cycle
Emphasizes the self as it struggles to cope with emotions on the inside and the demands of the world on the outside

50. Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Limits
Unconcerned with biology and fixed personality structures
A hodgepodge of different ideas from different traditions
Relies on abstract or vague concepts