1. To what extent does Canada have a unified national identity?

2. “We Are More” Watch poem by Shane Koyczan

3. …or are we?

4. …or are we?

5. …or are we?

6. …or are we?

7. To what extent does Canada have a unified national identity?

8. To what extent did Canada build a national identity in the post-war world?

9. Chapter 7: A Changing Society
Introduction
Post World War II Canada
Booming Economy
Population growth due to immigration
Suburbia
Technological improvements

10. Who do you think was considered the ideal immigrant after WWII?
Immigration
Who do you think was considered the ideal immigrant after WWII?
Some people that came to Canada were refugees or displaced persons = (Victims of war  no homes/possessions/hope for the future)
newcomers  2.5 million  settled in cities (urbanization)
Where did the majority of immigrants come from in the first half of the century?
Where did the majority of immigrants come from in the second half 1960s, 1970s of the century?

12. Suburbia
Population growth=Demand for housing=Housing developments (similar/cheaper housing solutions)
Values associated with Suburbia:
Traditional family:
Mom staying at home
Father working to bring in money
Larger families – Increase in birth rate – BABY BOOM

13. BABY BOOM
Baby boomers (influence culture and economy—think of present-day retirement rates and the influence this will have on Medicare and old-age pensions)
More schools, institutions, and products created

15. Age of the Automobile
What do you think the views of seatbelts and drinking & driving and air pollution were?
1950s
Car sales boom
Fascination with technology, progress, and personal freedom

16. Television and Consumer Society
What is a consumer society?

17. Television and Consumer Society
What is a consumer society?
Encouraging people to buy more products (consume)
People feel like they always need to buy more!

18. Teen culture -What do you think your ‘teenage’ style is?
-Read teen culture on pg What was the style after the wars?
More freedom due to better economics (part-time jobs)
Had own style
Rock n’Roll and new music styles

19. What do you think counterculture is?
Youthquake
Early 1960s
Culture of protest
Political beliefs, music, fashion
Video: The Beatles in Vancouver
What do you think counterculture is?

20. Canada the Good Still quite conservative:
Sundays: no newspapers, movies, or opening of large stores
Movies and books were censored
Limited supply of liquor and women couldn’t attend halls
By 1960s restrictions became more relaxed
Canadians loved sports: Hockey, Ice Skating, and Swimming

21. Protecting Canadian Culture
Sport heroes had positive influence, but American pop culture had large influence.
American movie stars have big influence
1949
Massey Commission:
Investigate Canadian culture  must protect our culture from US
National Film Board used to produce and distribute Canadian audiovisual works
1957
Massey commission worried about TV
CBC – national radio (began to move to television.
National radio network in-charge for development of TV

22. 1968
Federal government introduces Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission -- > Regulate foreign material broadcasted over the airwaves and impose rules requiring Canadian content.

23. Read “Protecting Canadian Culture” on pg 166/167
In your own words define:
The Massey Commission
CRTC (Canadian Radio-television Commission)

24. Canada’s Flag 1965 Lester B. Pearson Debate over symbols used
Caused rift between French and English Canadians pp

25. People wanted security and stability
Post-War Prosperity
Private industries would handle the transition to a peacetime economy through government incentives such as tax breaks.
Government Corporations (businesses) auctioned off.
Causes a boom in the economy
What about social programs=UI, family allowances=protection from poverty
Which level of government would provide these? Pg 169/170
How did this level provide these services?
People wanted security and stability

26. People wanted security and stability
Post-War Prosperity
Private industries would handle the transition to a peacetime economy through government incentives such as tax breaks.
Government Corporations (businesses) auctioned off.
Causes a boom in the economy
What about social programs=UI, family allowances=protection from poverty
Which level of government would provide these? – provincial
How did this level provide these services? - Taxes
People wanted security and stability

27. Social Changes Federal-Provincial relationships
Canadians wanted social support, but whom would they get it from?
Federal or provincial government?
Solution:
Provinces will transfer taxation power to Canadian government.
Provinces would receive government grants to provide social services such as healthcare and education.
System of equalization or transfer payments would allow government to give money to the poorer provinces from taxes collected in richer provinces.

28. Rich Resources and New Industries
Natural resources and minerals
What was the most important development in Alberta? - Pg. 170

29. Rich Resources and New Industries
Natural resources and minerals
What was the most important development in Alberta?
Discovery of oil in Leduc, Alberta
Boom Towns were created
Industry dominated by Ontario
By 1950’s more than half of the nation’s factories and plants and 99% of it’s automobile industry were located in Ontario
Environmental Impact?

30. How would megaprojects help with jobs?
The government realized it needed to improve it’s roads, sewer systems, power plants, schools, and hospitals
Using Falk, Counterpoints research:
TRANS-CANADA HIGHWAY (St. John’s to Victoria) 7821 km of road
ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY (Great Lakes – Atlantic Ocean)
TRANS-CANADA PIPELINE (Natural Gas-Alberta to industrial heartland

32. American Investment = A Continuing Issue
Needed investment in Natural resources=US had the capital
by 1967=88% of oil industry is foreign owned
Branch plants=more than half of manufacturing owned by US
Losing control of Economy?
Was Canada becoming another state of the US?

33. Positives and negatives to American foreign investment
Read “American investment” on page 171 and make a chart on a piece of paper

34. Canadian Owners and Workers
Many business people in Canada and Canadian companies were also becoming rich
Unions continued to fight for working conditions
Unions Grow=ask for five-day, forty-hour work week, paid vacations
Non-industrial unions also rise = teachers, nurses etc

35. Limits of Prosperity Immigrants got worst jobs
Women were discriminated and paid less than men for the same work
Canada’s First Nations fared worst:
Mercury poisoning from a pulp and paper mill contaminated the fish caught and eaten at a reserve in Ontario
Highways, pipelines and boom towns disrupted hunting grounds
Look at chart on pg. 172

36. Read pg
Answer questions on page 1-5 on page 172

37. Go over homework Answer questions on page 1-5 on page 172
A. What are transfer/equalization payments?
When the government takes taxes and distributes them between provinces depending on who needs the most money.
B. How did the start of transfer payments mark a change in the nature of confederation?
- Ottawa (aka. The federal government) gained more power, especially over social programs because they could decide where the federal tax money went

38. 2) Why did the government believe it was necessary to provide Canadians with a system of social services?
Canadians wanted security and stability
Wanted to avoid the fear of another depression
3) Why did Canada’s economy grow in the post-war years? Give at least three reasons.
Natural resources
American investment
Mega-projects

39. 4) List at least three gains that trade unions made in post-war years
4) List at least three gains that trade unions made in post-war years. How did they affect Canadian workers and businesses?
40 hour work week
5 day work week
Paid vacations (and other benefits)
Non industrialized workers created unions (eg. Nurses)
5) Megaprojects, resource development and industrialization brought many benefits, but there were also costs such as pollution and urban sprawl. Were the gains worth the cost? – Tell your neighbor your opinion!

40. Post-War Politics The Nation Expands:
J.R. Smallwood brings Newfoundland into Confederation in March 31st, 1949
Newfoundland entered the Canadian Confederation at the end of It was the last major British Colony on the North American continent. To commemorate this historic event, a special reverse appeared on the 1949 Canadian Silver dollar, created by Thomas Shingles. Depicted on the coin is the Matthew, the ship used by John Cabot to "discover" Newfoundland. Below the ship is the phrase 'May the new found land flourish' in Latin, Floreat Terra Nova.

41. Changing face of Politics
St. Laurent-”Uncle Louis”
Liberal
brought Newfoundland into confederation
Had a rich lifestyle

42. Changing face of Politics
For over a decade ‘Dief’ and Person took turns being PM and leader of the opposition
John Diefenbaker (“Dief”)
Progressive Conservative
First Westerner to be PM
Un-hyphenated Canadianism (angered French-Canadians)
Deif’s Human Rights:
First PM to allow woman into his Cabinet
Appointed an Aboriginal Senator
Introduced the Bill of Rights
Gave Canada’s status Indians living on reserves the right to vote
What do you think un-hyphenated Canadianism is?

43. Changing face of Politics
Lester Pearson ‘Mike’
Liberal
Changed the Canadian Flag
Stopped capital punishment (the death penalty)
Built on the social programs that King has started…
Introduced Unemployment insurance (employment insurance is the same )
family allowance “baby bonus”
Canadian Pension Plan (CPP)
Canadian Assistance Plan (CAP)
Medicare/Medical care Act

44. Medicare
Saskatchewan Premier T.C. “Tommy Douglas” introduced a complete medicare program that allowed people in province to seek medical treatment without paying
Leader of which political Party introduced nation-wide medicare?

45. Medicare
Prime Minister Pearson introduced universal (all of Canada) Medicare (Medical Care Act)
Federal and provincial governments would now share the cost of medical care by doctors and hospitals.
Funding will come from taxes
Controversial social program -- > expensive but valued

46. Social welfare Define social welfare:
Why did Canadians support the introduction of Medicare and other social welfare programs?:
To have a social conscience is to care for all people in society and try to improve their lives. How did Diefenbaker, Pearson, and Douglas demonstrate social conscience?

48. The Trudeau Era 1967: PM Trudeau replaces Pearson
What did he want for Canada?
A Just Society
Protect the rights and freedoms of Canadians.
Which document does he introduce in 1982 in order to do this? – pg 181
Which document was a precedent to the important document? Think Diefenbaker!

49. The Trudeau Era 1967: PM Trudeau replaces Pearson
What did he want for Canada?- A Just Society
Protect the rights and freedoms of Canadians.
Which document does he introduce in 1982 in order to do this? – The Charter of Rights and Freedoms!
Which document was a precedent to the important document? Think Diefenbaker! – The Bill of Rights

50. The Trudeau Era 1967: PM Trudeau replaces Pearson
What did he want for Canada?- A Just Society
Protect the rights and freedoms of Canadians.
Which document does he introduce in 1982 in order to do this? – The Charter of Rights and Freedoms!
Which document was a precedent to the important document? Think Diefenbaker! – The Bill of Rights
Promote the social and economic well being of people
Individual freedoms—Government should not interfere with personal liberties…Remember the War Measures act? We’ll see what Trudeau does next chapter.
Decriminalization of homosexuality 

51. Larger Supported change for:
Women, Environment, and Aboriginals
Voting Age Lowered!
1972  Federal voting age changed to 18

52. Women’s Movement
1960s
Feminism
Equality in political, social, and economic fields
1967 Royal Commission on the status of women:
- right to choose to work outside the home
- provide day cares
- maternity leaves
- stop discrimination in society

53. Women’s Position

54. National Action on the Status of Women (NAC) 1971
A pressure group that lobbied (protested)
Guarantee equality under Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982

55. Environmental movement
Terrible damage being done to the Earth’s air, water and land
Federal Government passed laws telling companies to prove that their projects would not hurt their immediate environment
Recycling in homes and in industry became an issue
Automobile industries were pressured to make car efficient vehicles and produce less pollution.

56. GREENPEACE
1970 started in BC
Concerned about nuclear bomb off the coast of Alaska -- > took small boat into the test area to protest and test was cancelled.
Based in Amsterdam with a number of Canadians still involved.

57. Economic Challenges Problem of Inflation
1973 Oil embargo (ban) by OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
War between Israel and neighbouring countries-Canada and Western countries support Israelis-Arabs refuse to sell oil
Price jumps 400%
Dollar falls=unemployment at highest level since the Depression
wages increase, but so do prices

60. Regionalism
Regional Disparity = economic gap between the rich and the poor
Natural Resource industries hardest hit
Atlantic cod industry and BC fishing industries hardest hit
Resentment towards Ontario
Western Alienation = favouring of central Canada
Oil crisis was a perfect example
Federal government freezes prices and taxes petroleum exported from western Canada
Money used to subsidize the cost of imported oil in the East (quote on p. 183)

62. Regionalism cont`d
Trudeau increased transfer payments for provinces from federal government to be used in social services.
National Energy Program (NEP): reduce consumption of oil, protect Canadians against rising oil prices, and to make Canada self-sufficient in oil
Exploration in arctic and Newfoundland
Consumers: switch from oil to gas
Alberta is upset – WHY?
1984 NEP dismantled, but West remained bitter

63. By 1984, Trudeau has left behind a $160 billion debt (deficit = debt)
Debt Crisis
Mulroney
Conservative
Lowered social programs to decrease debt, but also lowered taxes and encouraged the Free Trade with America
His idea was not to take care of people, so they would work.
His plan didn’t work! - Recession in 1990s
Debt increases
Mulroney, like American President Ronald Regan, believed that the solution to debt was to lay in the problems in the hands of corporations and wealthy citizens (through tax breaks)

64. Mulroney left a $466 billion debt!
Debt Crisis
Jean Chrétien
Liberal
Solution: Injected more money on public works to create jobs
Interest rates shot up! So Chrétien decreased the amount of government spending.
Start cutting social spending
Eg. Less money for post-secondary = higher tuition
Less money for health care = health care costs increase!
Thousands of children and families were living in poverty
Mulroney left a $466 billion debt!

65. Take a look at some of the new technology in the 50’s and 60’s
Pg. 188