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Module 11 Plate Tectonics

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1 Module 11 Plate Tectonics

2 PLATE TECTONICS Continental drift (Alfred Wegener)
The theory that the continents have moved in relation to one another Seafloor Spreading (Harry Hess) The theory telling that the floor of the ocean spread away one to another part Plate tectonics The theory of global dynamics in which the lithosphere is believed to be broken into individual plates that move in response to convection in the (upper) mantle. The margins of the plates are sites of considerable geologic activity.

3 Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere

4 Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere

5 Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere
Depth (km) rocks cold, rigid, brittle hot, plastic Δ = 3,3– 4,3 g/cm3 hot, high pressure, rigid, brittle ultrabasic igneous rocks (MgO, SiO2) Liquid 45000 C Fe, Ni solid

6 Plate Tectonic Theory Lithosphere is broken into individual pieces called plates Plates move over the asthenosphere as a result of underlying convection cells

7 What drives plate motions

8 What drives plate motions
Models of plate-mantle convection Any model must be consistent with observed physical and chemical properties of the mantle Horizontal movement of plates causes mantle upwelling Models Layering at 660 km Explains why basalts erupted at mid-ocean ridges are different (more evolved, relatively shallow source) compared to those erupted at hot-spots (more primitive, deeper source). We know that subducting slabs descend beneath 660 km

9 What drives plate motions
Whole-mantle convection Would mix the entire mantle in the space of a few hundred million years, removing heterogeneities

10 Antonio Snider-Pelligrini’ Map (1858)
Continental Drift Antonio Snider-Pelligrini’ Map (1858)

11 Continental Drift Alfred Wegener’ Map (1915)

12 Wegener’s Concept of Continental Drift and Orogenesis
Note: Most geologists and geophysicists rejected Wegener’s ideas because they violated what was known about the STRENGTH OF ROCKS. Also, centrifugal force (from Earth’s rotation) along with tidal forces were deemed to be TOO SMALL to move the continents!

13 Evidence on Continent Continents Fit Together
Best fit at 100 m below sea level

14 Evidence on Continent Rocks and Structures Match Up

15 Evidence on Continent

16 Evidence on Continent Mountain Belts of the Same Age Caledonides
Appalachians Caledonides Mauritanides

17 Evidence on Continent Direction of ice flow Glacial Features

18 Permian-Pennsylvanian
Evidence on Continent Fossils Early Triassic Lystrosaurus Cynognathus Glossopteris Permian-Pennsylvanian Permian Mesosaurus

19 Evidence on Continent Paleoclimate of Pangea

20 Evidence on Seafloor Seafloor Morphology

21 Magnetic Stripe Formation at Ridge Crest
Evidence on Seafloor Paleomagnetism and seafloor spreading Magnetic Stripe Formation at Ridge Crest Magnetic Time Scale

22 Evidence on Seafloor Paleomagnetism and seafloor spreading

23 Evidence on Seafloor Seafloor Age Map

24 Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks
Evidence on Seafloor Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks

25 Reconstruction

26 Plate Movement due Time

27 Plate Movement due Time

28 Plate Tectonics Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks and Age-Dating of Rocks

29 Plate Tectonics Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites

30 Earth’s Tectonic Plates
Plate Tectonics Earth’s Tectonic Plates North American North American Eurasian Arabian Juan de Fuca Caribbean Pacific Philippine Cocos African South American Nazca Indo Australian Pacific Antarctic Scotian Antarctic

31 What drives Plate Tectonics???

32 Plate Tectonics Internal Heat

33 Plates Boundaries

34 Results in the formation of Oceanic Crust
Plate Tectonics Divergent Boundary Results in the formation of Oceanic Crust

35 Plate Tectonics Transform Boundary

36 Convergent Boundary: Subduction
Plate Tectonics Convergent Boundary: Subduction Melting Produces More Felsic Magma Results in the formation & growth of Continental Crust and destruction of Oceanic Crust

37 Plate Tectonics Convergent Boundary: Collision
Results in the growth of Continental Crust

38 Hot Spot

39 BASIC PLATE TECTONICS – Revised
Earth’s lithosphere is broken into rigid plates Plates move about 1-10 cm/yr on the plastic Asthenosphere “Geology happens” where the plates interact with one another along Divergent, Transform, Subduction and Collisional Boundaries

40 World Plate Tectonic BMG LEMPENG AMERIKA UTARA LEMPENG SAM. PASIFIK
LEMPENG EURASIA LEMPENG FILIPINA LEMPENG CARIBIA LEMPENG COCOS LEMPENG AMERIKA SELATAN LEMPENG SAM INDAO-AUSTRALIA LEMPENG NAZCA LEMPENG ANTARTIKA LEMPENG SCOTIA

41 Tectonic Map of Indonesia
Pasific 11 cm / tahun Eurasia 7 cm / tahun Indo-australia 9 cm / tahun

42 Volcanoes distribution in Indonesia

43 Seismicity Map of Indonesia

44 GROUP DISCUSSION

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