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The Chicano Movement
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Civil Rights Movement Kennedy introduced Civil Rights Act, 1963
Civil Rights Protests in 800 cities Political movement in Crystal City, TX March on Washington, August 1963
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Civil Rights Legislation
Kennedy Assassination, November 22, 1963 Civil Rights Act, July 1964 Outlaws discrimination in employment and public facilities Voting Rights Act, August 1965 Outlaws poll tax Provides regulation in regions where African Americans refused the ballot
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“Great Society” Economic Opportunity Act, August 1964
Office of Equal Opportunity (OEO) Service Employment Redevelopment (SER) Education & training Project Head Start Little School of the 400 Source:
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Multifaceted Struggle
Labor rights for farm workers Regaining stolen lands Economic opportunity Mobilization of political power Educational Reform Antiwar activism Rights for women Formation of an independent political party
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United Farm Workers Cesar Chavez & Dolores Huerta established NFWA in 1962 Alliance with Filipino farm workers Larry Itliong Farm worker strike against grape growers in Delano, CA in 1965 March to Sacramento, 1966 Grape boycott
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United Farm Workers Strikes spread to Texas and Midwest, 1966
Luis Valdez & Teatro Campesino Hunger Strike, 1968 By /3 of Califiornia grapes grown under contract with UFW United Farm Workers
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Reies Lopez Tijerina New Mexico Fundamentalist minister
1958 meeting with Elijah Mohammed Federal Alliance of Land Grants, 1963
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New Mexico Land Grants Movement
Based on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Call for restoration of individual land grants Compensation for families whose lands had been seized illegally Occupation of Kit Carson National Forest, October 1966 Courthouse raids, 1967 Tierra Amarilla Rio Arriba County Courthouse Joining forces with American Indian Movement (AIM)
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Chicano Movement My fathers have lost the economic battle and won the struggle of cultural survival. And now! I must choose between the paradox of victory of the spirit, despite physical hunger, or to exist in the grasp of American social neurosis, sterilization of the soul and a full stomach. Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales Excerpt from “I am Joaquin”
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“Corky” Gonzales Cultural nationalism Crusade for Justice, 1965
Chicano Youth Liberation Conference Denver, 1969 Plan Espiritual de Atzlan
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Student Walkouts What were the issues? East Los Angeles, 1968
15,000 High school students stage a protest Sal Castro Brown Berets
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Chicano Student Movements
Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Atzlan (MEChA) Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO), 1967 El Plan de Santa Barbara, 1969
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El Plan de Santa Barbara
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MAYO Jose Angel Gutierrez Crystal City, 1969 Confrontation with HISD
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Chicano Students and the Courts
Cisneros v. Corpus Christi ISD Ross v. Eckels Houston Huelga Schools
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National Chicano War Moratorium
Los Angeles, 1970 Anti-war protest Death or Ruben Salazar
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Nixon & the Southern Strategy
Richard Nixon elected in 1968 Cabinet Committee on Spanish Speaking People Promoted Nixon administration
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