1. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life
Big Idea 1

2. All organisms share a single common ancestor
Chapter 1B

3. Organisms share many features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today
Lesson 1

4. Evidence that all domains are related
Genetic information is encoded in DNA and RNA
These processes are identical within domains
e.g. all eukaryotes copy DNA the exact same way
Also very similar across domains
e.g. Bacterial DNA replication is similar to the eukaryotic process
We will discuss these processes in detail during future chapters

5. Evidence that all domains are related (cont.)
The Genetic code is universal
Also - evidence for evolution
We will discuss this in detail during future chapters

6. Evidence that all domains are related (cont.)
Energy gets into and out of our cells in specific ways
Metabolic pathways
Many of these are exactly the same in every organism we have studied
Highly conserved
Ex. glycolysis occurs in nearly all organisms
glycolysis is the process turning sugar into pyruvate
exceptions include chemoautotroph, deep-sea vent bacteria

7. Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related
Cytoskeleton
structural proteins
facilitate cell movement
maintain shape
organelle transport
Details when we get to cell structure
Present in all eukaryotes absent in prokaryotes
Why does the structure of eukaryotes necessitate a cytoskeleton?
Current research indicates that prokaryotes have cytoskeleton structures, but the evolutionary relationship of these structures is still being researched
The cell membrane itself is fragile, eukaryotes are complex and require transport and phago/exocytosis

8. Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related
All eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles
What does this mean?
All eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, etc) have subcellular components that are wrapped in their own membrane

9. Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related (cont.)
Mitochondria
found in most eukaryotic cells
essential for aerobic respiration
VERY similar to bacteria
Chloroplast
found in all plants and some algae
essential for photosynthesis
Very similar to bacteria
More detail on these during cell structure
mitochondria exceptions include Giardia lamblia an intestinal parasite which has evidence of mitochondria in its evolutionary history

10. Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related (cont.)
Endosymbiosis
Theory that organelles of eukaryotes originated as a symbiotic relationship between single-celled organisms
one living inside the other
mitochondria (a single event) and chloroplasts (another, single event)
What does it mean that it is a theory?
What is the evidence?
That it is an explanation that has been verified, and that attempts to disprove it have failed
Many examples comparing the structure of these organelles to bacteria

11. Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related (cont.)
Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, as opposed to the circular chromosomes found in prokaryotes

12. Be able to
1.14 Pose scientific questions that identify essential properties of shared, core life processes that provide insights into the history of life on Earth.
1.15 Describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by all domains or within one domain of life.
Explain how this is evidence for the common ancestry for all organisms.

13. Be able to
1.16 Justify the scientific claim that organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today

14. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are models of evolutionary history that can be tested
Lesson 2

15. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can represent traits
In the context of evolution
Model which traits are
derived
ex. 4 limbs in lizards, amphibians, birds, mammals
lost
ex. snakes’ legs

16. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can represent traits (cont.)
Tuatara
Lizards
Snakes
Crocodiles
Bird
Cladogram of relationships of extant Sauria
What we call “lizards” includes multiple orders
Tuatara are found only in New Zealand and represent a distinct lineage

17. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms illustrate speciation that has occurred
A and B share a common ancestor
The bottom of the chart points to a common ancestor for A through E A B C D E 1 2 3 4
Is D more closely related to E or C?
Is C more closely related to A or B?

18. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms illustrate speciation (cont.)B C D E 1 2 3 4 A B C D E 1 2 3 4

19. They can be constructed from morphological similarities

20. They can be constructed from morphological similarities (cont)

21. or from DNA and protein sequence similarities

22. These models are dynamic; based on current and emerging knowledge.
Ex. Scientists have agreed on the 3 domain system, but are researching and debating the number of kingdoms

23. These models are dynamic; based on current and emerging knowledge.
As our knowledge changes, so does our “tree of life.”
reflects our current understanding
How is this like other scientific disciplines?
1866
2007

24. Be able to
1.17 Pose scientific questions about a group of organisms whose relatedness is described by a phylogenetic tree or cladogram in order to:
identify shared characteristics
make inferences about the evolutionary history of the group
identify character data that could extend or improve the phylogenetic tree

25. Be able to
1.18 Evaluate evidence provided by a data set, phylogenetic tree or cladogram to determine evolutionary history and speciation.
1.19 Create a phylogenetic tree or simple cladogram that correctly represents evolutionary history and speciation from a provided data set.