2. Water Soluble Vitamins

3. Thiamin
Vitamin B1

4. Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Thiamin is a first member of the vitamin B complex, therefore, it is also known as vitamin B1.
Due to its role in the prevention of beriberi, thiamin is also called as the antiberi-beri factor.
Since it has an important role in the nervous system, thiamin is also called as aneurine.

5. Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Structurally, thiamin consists of a pyrimidine ring, which is linked to a thiazole ring.
Thiamin occurs in nature as thiamin hydrochloride.
Thiamin is heat labile, but acid resistant.

6. Biochemical Functions
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), i.e. diphosphorylated form of the thiamin, is referred to as the coenzyme of vitamin B1.

7. Sources
Rich sources of thiamin are cereal grains, yeast, liver, kidney, and heart.

8. Requirements Average daily requirement is 1.2-1.8 mg/day.
Daily requirement however, depends upon the carbohydrate intake and has been defined as mg/1000 Kcal.
Requirement is increased during fever, in hyperthyroidism, alcoholics, and pregnancy.

9. Absorption & Metabolism
The bound forms of Thiamin are split in gastro-intestinal tract during digestion .
Absorbed mainly from duodenum and jejunum. Very little Thiamin is stored in body.
Thiamin intake if in excess of needs it is excreted in urine

10. Biochemical Functions
TPP plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. It is used as a coenzyme in oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids, e.g.
Pyruvate Acetyl CoA
α-Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA
TPP also acts as a coenzyme for transketolase, an enzyme of the hexose monophosphate shunt.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

11. Deficiency Symptoms Thiamin deficiency causes beriberi.
Beriberi is of different types:
Wet beriberi: It affects cardiovascular system and results in edema and dilated heart.
Dry beriberi: It normally affects the central nervous system and causes peripheral neuropathy with myelin degeneration, leading to foot-drop, wrist-drop, and sensory changes.

12. Deficiency Symptoms Cerebral Beri Beri or Wernicke’s encephalopathy:
It is generally observed in chronic alcoholics, who may develop CNS manifestations, ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar ataxia, and mental impairment.
Thiamin deficiency may also occur in areas where people consume polished-rice or raw-fish as well as in chronic alcoholics.
Deficiency symptoms include nausea, vomiting, weakness, and tenderness of the calf muscles.

13. Beriberi

14. Deficiency Diseases
Chronic alcoholism can also lead to thiamin deficiency, the disease produced is termed wernicke’s syndrome.

15. Risk Factors for Deficiency
Alcoholism
Cirrhosis
Malabsorption
Diabetes
Kidney Diseases
Chronic Infections

16. Systems affected by deficiency
GIT
Nervous System
Cardiovascular System
Musculoskeletal System

17. Symptoms of Wet Beriberi
Fast heart rate
Swollen feet and legs
Enlarged heart
Enlarged and tender liver
Shortness of breath
Congestion in the lungs

18. Symptoms of Infantile Beriberi
Restlessness
Difficulty sleeping
Diarrhea
Swollen arms and legs
Muscle wasting in arms and legs
Silent cry
Heart failure

19. Toxic effects
Human have limited toxic reaction to thiamin.The sign include
Edema
Sweating
Tremors
Tachycardia
Fatty liver/ tumors and
Vascular Hypotension

20. Riboflavin
Vitamin B2

21. It is named riboflavin because of its structural similarity to sugar ribose and its relationship to the flavins.

22. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Riboflavin is also called as lactoflavin, due to its high content in milk.
It is sensitive to light and ultraviolet irradiation.
Riboflavin is heat-stable both in acidic and neutral medium.
Riboflavin contains an isoalloxazine ring with a ribitol side chain.

23. Riboflavin structure

24. Sources
Milk , egg, liver, and kidney are rich sources of vitamin B2.

25. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

26. Requirements
Its average daily requirement is 1-2 mg/day ( mg/1000 Kcal).

27. Functions
In phosphorylated form, is an essential component of flavoprotein co-enzymes.
Riboflavin is also involved in oxidative degradation of short chain fatty acids and transfer of oxygen from plasma to tissues.

28. Biochemical Functions
Coenzymeforms of riboflavin are referred to as FMN and FAD.
FMN (flavin mononucleotide) has a molecule of riboflavin and phosphoric acid.
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) is a dinucleotide of FMN and AMP.
These two coenzymes form an integral part of the flavoprotein-containing enzymes and participate in oxidation-reduction reactions.

29. Biochemical Functions
FMN FMN.H2
α-Ketoglutarate FAD.H2
+2H
+2H

30. Biochemical Functions
FMN is used as a coenzyme with cytochrome C reductase and L-amino acid oxidases.
FAD is used as a coenzyme with succinate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, sphingosine reductase, glycine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, D-amino acid oxidases, and acyl CoA dehydrogenase.
FAD is important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, as well as proteins.

31. Metabolism of some vitamins and minerals also require riboflavin.
It is important for body growth and red blood cell production and helps in releasing energy from carbohydrates.
In the treatment of anemia, adding Vitamin B2 to iron supplements has shown to increase its effectiveness

32. Riboflavin also helps to shore up the immune system by reinforcing antibody reserves, the body's first line of defense against infection.
In addition, the body uses extra riboflavin to keep tissue in good repair and speed healing of wounds, burns and other injuries.

33. Deficiency Symptoms
Deficiency symptoms include cheilosis (lesions at the angles of the mouth), glossitis, and ocular as well as skin changes, such as localized dermatitis of the face. There also occur functional and organic disorders of the eye, including photophobia, lacrimation, burning, and itching.

34. Riboflavin deficiency
Deficiency can result in:
Heart disease
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Multiple sclerosis
Anxiety, stress and fatigue

35. Glossitis

36. Carpal tunnel syndrome may benefit from a treatment program including this vitamin when combined with vitamin B6.
Maintenance of epithelial, eye and mucosal tissues require riboflavin .

37. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

38. PESHAWAR MEDICAL COLLEGE
Multiple sclerosis
PESHAWAR MEDICAL COLLEGE

39. Low levels of B-2 Arthritis Colon cancer Skin lesions
Light sensitivity
Eye disorders
Inflamed mouth or tongue, and
Cracks and sores at the mouth's corner.

40. Arthritis

41. Pyridoxine
Vitamin B6

42. Introduction
Vitamin B6 is actually a collective term for three naturally occurring pyridines that are functionally and metabolically related:
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine
Discovered during Nutritional studies on rats in 1930

43. 2 Methyl.3 hydroxy,4,5 dihydroxymethyl pyridine
Chemical structure
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxine
2 Methyl.3 hydroxy,4,5 dihydroxymethyl pyridine
Pyridoxamine

44. Active forms are Pyridoxal Phosphat
Aldehyde group at position 4 can reversibly attach with NH3.

45. Food sources Found in wide varieties of foods. Beans, Legumes and nuts
Eggs, Meats ( beef, chicken breast)
Fish (Trout, Salmon, tuna)
Bread and cereals
Spinach and tomato
Banana

46. Functions Vitamin B6 is involved in variety of metabolic processes.
Plays a major role in amino acid metabolism
Trasamination
Decarboxylation
Transulfuration

47. Functions Needed for conversion of Tryptophan to niacin
Formation of melanin
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Inter conversion of glycine and serine where it functions along with Folic Acid.

48. Absorption and Metabolism
Readily absorbed from intestine.
In cytoplasm it is converted into Pyridoxal phosphate and pyradoxalamine Phosphate by pyridoxal Kinase and ATP.
These are the active forms of the vitamin.
Mainly found in extra-cellular fluid

49. Concentration is relatively high in
Leukocytes
Nerve tissues and
Liver
As water soluble, very little is stored and
Any excess, is excreted in urine in the form of pyridoxic acid.

50. Recommended Daily Allowances
The daily requirements of Vitamin B6
Directly related to protein intake
RDA
2.2 mg for men and
2 mg for women.

51. Effects of Deficiency
After prolong deficiency is commonly seen in pregnant women and infants.
Dermatitis
Glossitis
Blood disorders

52. Dermatitis

53. Seborrheic dermatitis

54. Cheilosis
Angular stomatitis
Peripheral neuropathy and

55. Toxic Effects
Very limited toxicity in humans