1. The Function-Form Interface
-English syntax
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2. 5.5 Realisations of the Indirect Object 5.6 Realisations of Adjuncts목차
5.5 Realisations of the Indirect Object
5.6 Realisations of Adjuncts

3. 5.5 Realizations of the Indirect Object
Indirect Object → NP(noun phrases), wh-clauses
NPs functioning as Indirect Object
(85) She told [ her brother] a lie.
(86) Gertrude gave [her friend] a birthday present.
(87) We sent [the committee] an angry letter.
(88) The curator of the museum showed [the party]
some rare paintings.
Wh-clauses functioning as Indirect Object
(89) Sean told whoever wanted to hear it history

4. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
Adjuncts how, when, where or why of the activity or situation
Adjuncts adverb phrases, prepositional phrases, noun phrases,
finite phrases, nonfinite clauses and small clauses
AdvPs functioning as Adjuncts
(90) He cleaned the house [quite cheerfully]
(91) The company[officially] denied all responsibility.
(92) He [urgently] needed to see a doctor
(93) [Repeatedly] they had their car stolen.

5. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
PPs functioning as Adjunct
(94) Otto cooked his evening meal [in a rush]
(95) We met [outside Paris]
(96) [With a penknife], Frank cut the bread
(97) They always drink sherry [before dinner]
NPs functioning as Adjuncts
(98) Helen discovered the Italian restaurant [ yesterday]
(99) The crisis began [last year]
(100) He resigned [the month before last]
(101) He wants me to do it [this second]

6. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
Finite clauses functioning as Adjunct:
Advps, PPs, NPs functioning as Adjuncts.
→ time, reason, condition, result, purpose
Finite clauses functioning as Adjunct
(102) They will be cooking the meal, [when se arrive]
(103) [While Francis was watching TV],
Paul was peeling the potatoes
(104) Gay doesn’t like Mark, [because he gives her the creeps]
(105) [Since he never used his card],
the library cancelled his membership.
(106) We’ll go to Paris, [If you promise not to smoke].

7. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
Finite clauses functioning as Adjunct
(107) [Unless you object], I’ll smoke a cigar.
(108)Tell Nelly to hurry up, [so that we can go out].
(109) [So she doesn’t have to carry around her spectacles],
Emily wears contact lenses.
(110) She’ll give the money to a charity,
[in order that they will spend it on a good cause].
(111) [In order that his son might take over the shop], Jack retired.
(112) Charlie has never been back,
[since he last visited us in the spring].
(113) We didn’t ask Neil to come, [since nobody like him].

8. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
EXERCISE
Classify the bracketed Adjunct clauses above in terms of
The semantic notions of ‘time’, ‘reason’, ‘result’, ‘purpose’ or
‘ condition’.
Determine which semantic type of Adjunct clause we are
Dealing with in (112) and (113).

9. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
Nonfinite clauses functioning as Adjunct:
to-infinitive clauses, bare infinitive clauses,
-ing participle clauses, -ed participle clauses, small clauses
→ time, reason, purpose, etc

10. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
Nonfinite clauses functioning as Adjunct
to-infinitive clauses functioning as Adjunct
with a Subject of their own:
(114) We need some music [for us to enjoy the evening]
(115) [For Marie to pass her driving test].
she will need to take many more lessons.
(116) Catherine will need to work harder
[for her to reach her life’s ambition].
(117) [For Rick and Rachel to appreciate oysters]
they will need to overcome their revulsion for eating raw fish.

11. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
Nonfinite clauses functioning as Adjunct
to-infinitive clauses functioning as Adjunct
without a Subject of their own:
(118) Alex replaced the lock on the door
[in order to make the house more secure]
(119) [So as to move about more easily],
Robert bought himself a car.
(120) You will need to travel to the United States
[to hear him lecture].
(121) [To produce an essay every two weeks]
you will have to work very hard.

12. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
bare-infinitive clauses functioning as Adjunct
(122) [Rather than sell the painting] Ike preferred to destroy it.
(123) Ray wants to travel by train [sooner than fly].
-ing participle clauses functioning as Adjunct
with a Subject of their own:
[The streets being completely empty],
Jackie preferred to take a cab.
(125) Sally stared out of the window,
[her thoughts drifting away dreamily].
(126) [His dog scampering beside him], Leonard walked home.
(127) Henry will send the manuscript of his novel to a publisher,
[his wife persuading him that it was a good piece of work].

13. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
-ing participle clauses functioning as Adjunct
without a Subject of their own:
(128) [Working on his essay late], Tom was quickly becoming tired.
(129) Bob talked to his girlfriend on the phone,
[watching TV at the same time].
(130) [Standing on a table], Dawn addressed the crowd.
(131) Gus got off the train, [buttoning up his coat].
-ed participle clauses functioning as Adjunct
with a Subject of their own:
(132) [The attack averted],
the people of the town could come out of hiding.
(133) We were all excited, [the plan accepted by the government].
(134) [The trees chopped down], the park looked miserable.
(135) She went home, [all the work completed].

14. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
-ed participle clauses functioning as Adjunct
without a Subject of their own:
(136) [Disgusted by what he had witnessed], Frank left the party.
(137) Meg joined Amnesty International,
[convinced that this would benefit political prisoners].
(138) [Formulated clearly], this form will cause no problems.
(139) She died in her car, [suffocated by exhaust fumes].
Small clauses functioning as Adjunct
(140) He is from a wealthy background, [his father a businessman].
(141) [The doctor ill], we had no-one to look after my sister.
(142) She went back to her homeland, [her mind free of hate].
(143) [The police unrepentant], we took them to court.

15. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
(144) Ann considers [Helen to be an excellent director].
D.O
Remember that one way of finding out what is the Direct Object
Of a sentence is to ask ‘Who or What was affected by the action
Denoted by the verb
Joe kicked the stone
Who ore what was affected by the kicking?
EXERCISE
With regard to (144) think for a moment about the question
of who or what is affected by the ‘considering’ that Ann is
Engaged in. In other words, what is the answer to the question
‘Who or what is Ann considering?’

16. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
(145) Larry considers [my brother a genius]
D.O
(146) Larry considers [my brother a genius]
s.c
(147) Larry considers [that my brother is a genius]
clause D.O
(148) Larry considers [my brother to be a genius]
clause
(145)
(147)
(145)→(148)

17. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
Funtion
Form
subject
Direct Object
Indirect
Object
Adjunct NP √ AP - √* PP
Advp

18. 5.6 Realizations of Adjuncts
Funtion
Form
subject
Direct Object
Indirect
Object
Adjunct
Finite clauses
That- clause
Wh- clause
Clauses introduced by
Because, while, etc √ -
Nonfinite clauses
To-infinitive clause
Bare infinitive clause
-ing participle clause
-ed participle clause
Small clause(SC)

19. Thank you