1. Animation

2. An Introduction

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4. Birth of Animation
Between the invention of photography and the first public show of the Lumière cinematograph in December 1895, photography of movements in successive pictures inspired many scientists. The illusion due to pictures' retinal persistency led them to the invention of several optical toys, described as “pre-cinema”, ancestors of today's cinema: Thaumatrope, Phenakistiscope, Zoetrope, & Praxinoscope.

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Birth of Animation
Phenakistoscope
Thaumatrope
Zoetrope
Praxinoscope
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Thaumatrope
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7. Thomas Edison and his Kinescope in 1891

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9. click on image for Link to Artist Site and Sculpture

10. Flip Books
The flip book is the most simple of optical toys since its use does not need specific equipment.

11. Works about prehistory of cinema place the birth of the flip book in 19th century, linked to the transition from photography to cinema. We know for example that Germany was quickly a land of preference for that kind of things, like in the United States where they sometimes called it Penny Book. Thomas Edison directed films to go with the soundtrack from which he also made flip books.

12. How does a flip book work?
Flipbooks are a type of animation made with multiple sheets of paper, showing a series of pictures that change gradually from one page to the next. Flipping the pages creates the illusion of movement for the viewer because of the persistence of vision
phenomenon. When the pages are seen in rapid succession, they become animated.

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Persistence of Vision
As the eye sees a series of still images very quickly, our eyes have sensors that retain each image for a moment, making us perceive the series as one continuous image.
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15. Registration
Flipbooks use the registration system to keep images perfectly
aligned. Animation boards, paper, and pegs can be used to make
sure each drawing is in line with those preceding and following it
so that all parts of the image, including the changing and non-
changing shapes, are smoothly coordinated.
Post-It Notepads keep drawings in registration

16. Key Frames Frames containing important changes in the subject of
animation; i.e. changes in the drawing, changes in the set up,
important stages of movement, etc.

17. Tweening Tweening also known as “morphing” is filling in the frames
between important key frames in an animation so that the
transition is smooth and is correlated to the number of frames
per second required for a particular scene.

18. Frames
Frame A frame is one single still image in the series that composes the complete moving picture.
Frame-by-frame animation
An animation created by moving an object little-by-little over several consecutive frames.
Frames per second
The pace of the animation. If you were working in video that is 30 frames per second (fps), recording two frames per drawings would mean the animation would use 15 drawings per second. This would make quite a smooth animation. A rougher animation might consist of three frames per drawing, which would require 10 drawings for each second of video.

19. The Project: Flip Book Animation
Create an original flip book on a Post-It notepad.
Requirements:
Flip Book must have at least 30 pages
Sequence must include more than one object/character.
Sequence must include an action, transformation and/or metamorphosis.

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Theme
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22. DRAW OUT SIMPLE SKETCHES TO PLAN YOUR SEQUENCE IN YOUR SKETCHBOOK.
Planning your Flip Book
Think of a simple character or object that you would like to animate.
What sort of action or transformation will occur?
What other simple elements will you bring into the animation?
Where do you want it to end?
DRAW OUT SIMPLE SKETCHES TO PLAN YOUR SEQUENCE IN YOUR SKETCHBOOK.

23. Draw your first image on the first page.
Drawing Sequence
Use light box or window to trace over images.
Draw your first image on the first page.
Draw your last image on the last page.
Draw the image on the middle page that will contain the keyframe or major change in action or transformation. (This will vary)
Draw the pages between the first and middle page that slowly morph the object or character’s minor movements.
Repeat Step 4 for the pages between the middle and last page.

24. Drawing Options
Draw your flip book in pencil.
You may add color with colored pencil.

25. When your flip book is finished we will:
Create a cover with the title and Illustrator’s name (YOU)
Film your book being flipped!

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28. CLICK ON MIDDLE OF PAGE FOR VIDEO

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30. Resources http://www.flipbook.info/index_en.php