1. EVOLUTION OF TRAIN LIGHTING

2. Train lighting - Evolution
OIL system (from day 1 as per ‘Cheap Trains Act’ 1844)
On IR train services commenced in 1853.
Side wall bracket (general coaches) and ceiling (saloon & Ist class) mounted Oil (vegetable or mineral) lamps .
To be fixed before sun set and removed after sun rise
Ceiling mounted lamps accessible from roof.
One lamp per coach
Skilled labor intensive system (wicks trimming & clg)
Cost 1.75 pies per lamp hour in 1905

3. Train lighting - Evolution
Gas system
Pintsch’s gas lighting system
Used by East Indian Railway in last decade of 19th Century in 400 carriages.
Gas storage at high pressure.
High initial cost but reduced maintenance cost.
Improved quality of lighting
Weight of coach increased by kgs.
Subsequent improvement by
Using lamps with more than one burner
Regenerative system (heat of combustion of exhaust gases pre heat oil.)
Use of acetylene mixed gas

4. Train lighting-Evolution
trials with Electrical system
Experimented in France in 1893 (Paris- Lyon)
16 V Battery only adopted by Rajputana-Malwa Railway in 1901 ( Ist and only attempt)
Charging done with dynamo installed in Ajmer W/S.
All 238 carriages converted with GOI consent at 3.17 lakhs.
Electric equipment supplied by Bombay Electric Co.

5. Train lighting-Evolution
Annual O&M costs
Oil lamps-Rs 85,000
Gas lighting- Rs 74,000
Electric lighting- Rs 50,000
Cost 0.63 pies/unit candle-power (1 Rs=192 pies)
Domestic rate in Bombay pies/candle-power

6. Train lighting-Evolution
Axle driven dynamo (UF mounted)
TL system invented by Mr A.B Gill employee of M/S J stone
Installed in MG saloon of manager Jodhpur-Bikaner Rly in 1897
Dynamo of J stone co. (25 Amp, 16 V)
Dynamo and battery in front brake van
One lamp per coach
South Indian Railway also installed a set of eqpt in 1897.
Large scale trials conducted by SI Railway in 1903

7. Train lighting-Evolution
Electrical system
Subsequent improvements
Both brake vans provided with battery and dynamo
Belt to be tightened by Guard on run
Auto (centrifugal type ) cut out for dynamo (to battery ) at 5 mph
Final Selection of system in 1907
Locomotive, C&W Superintendents committee (set up in 1889) played impt role in selection
Committee in 8th mtg in 1905 reviewed progress of trials

8. Train lighting-Evolution
Subject was again taken up in 9th mtg in 1907
Electric system forced on companies to provide fans especially in Ist class coaches.
In RB issued orders for adoption of electric lighting
Parallel Block Rake Double Battery system introduced in 1930 and Upper class coaches also fitted with dynamo and battery (9th CWSC mtg)

9. Train lighting-Evolution
Ist ESC meeting held in 1935
Modern phase of TL
Dynamo in only brake vans and upper class coaches
5 through wire system on rake
Paralleling main :
: All Dynamos
Negative main :
: All lights
Light +ve :
ON wire : Control to operate magnetic load
OFF wire : switches
Parallel Block Rake Double Battery System

10. Train lighting-Evolution
Growth of Electrical train loads
Initially (upto 1907) no fans
Fans provided in Ist & 2nd class from 1907,in inter class from 1937 and in Third class from 1950
From 1955, 1 fan for each sleeping berth
No of lamps and fans widely varied from Co to Co
Avg load as surveyed in 1930, 48 & 8 A for upper & lower class coaches
7 th ESC in 1949 recommended standard illumination in different classes
8th ESC decided nos and wattages of different lamps and fans
From 1930 to 1950 upper and lower class loads increased by 20 & 600% respectively

11. Train lighting- Evolution
Simplified TL system
ESC recommended for single battery system in 1949 but not approved by Board due to circulating currents.
Rampant theft of copper from elect eqpt.
RDSO report on evaluation and performance of DBPB 24 V DC TL system in 1967
Silicon blockers in place of auto cut switches
Manually operated switch in place of magnetic switch
Al. wiring in place of Copper wiring
2 lamps method for earth fault detection
Bogie mounted Dynamo/Alternator with V belts
22nd ESC recommended for OSD at RB for monitoring TL under guidance of RDSO
Need to go for 110 V DC was felt necessary

12. Train lighting- Evolution
24th ESC at LKO in 1967 recommended that simplified TL system be adopted by ICF,BEML and Rly workshops
General performance improved in couple of years
RDSO issued number of Code of Practices
Two lamp system for earth leakage detection
Gauges to ensure use of correct fuses
Anti-theft measures

13. Train lighting-Evolution
110 V DC SG coaches
RB accepted RDSO recommendation for 110 V DC in 1968
Used Ist time during 1950 with first lot of fully AC coaches built. (axle driven 18 kW, 130 V dc generator provided with carbon pile voltage regulator)
Use of 110 V dc system in conventional coaches opposed by 3 out of 7 CEEs in 14th ESC mtg in 1956
In 1959 special committee appointed by RB which recommended for continuance of DBPB rake system with inherently regulated type Dynamo
ICF built 6 rakes in 1976
In 1987 M/S Best & Crompton developed brush less alternator

14. 110 V DC SG coaches
These coaches used 3 & 4.5 kW KEL and 3 kW Stone make Alternator and regulator
KEL regulator used MA where as Stone used transistorised regulator.
Battery 90 Ah , 11, 5 cells monoblocks.
Light and Fan circuits controlled by mcb’s
During trials from following problems experienced.
Problem of HV and fusing of lamps –battery cells reduced to 50)
Hymeg brand mcb’s failing frequently
5 cells monoblock battery failure rate high. (3 cells monoblocks introduced)
Based on satisfactory report RB ordered ICF to produce 7 more rakes duly providing Air brakes

15. 110 V DC SG coaches
During 1988 RB appointed special committee of CEEs to work out modalities of extending this system to all coaches.
After acceptance of this committee’s report in early nineties all newly built SG coaches now work on 110 V dc system
24 V dc coaches have also been converted.

16. 110 V DC SG coaches- Drive
From beginning in 1897 all dynamos were generally under frame mounted and driven by flat belt
Due to poor life and rampant theft , 7th ESC recommended in 1949 to try out V belts with bogie mounted Dynamo
Initially Bogie headstock mounted Dynamo was tried which was subsequently changed to Bogie transom suspended type arrangement in mid 60s.
In 2nd MSG mtg in 1986 it was decided to go for transom mounted Alternator with endless V belt drive on 25% new coaches
3rd MSG in 1988 confirmed above decision and desired to impress upon V belt manufactures to supply belts in matched sets

17. 110 V DC SG coaches- FL fittings
Ist discussed in 7th ESC in 1947
Trials conducted with imported (BTH and Stone) equipments on 8 coaches
Performance of Stone eqpts not found to be satisfactory
Idea was subsequently dropped due to it being expensive to maintain
During 2nd half of 70s 110 V dc trial rakes were fitted with FL fittings.

18. EOG system EOG introduced in 1958 (Deluxe Exp)
Rajdhani introduced in 1969

19. LHB Coaches Manufactured at RCF with TOT contract entered in 1995/96.
Initially imported EOG coaches introduced.
Subsequently Hybrid (LHB shell with ICF bogie) SG coaches have also been built
SG coaches with Bevel Gear drive were also tried.

20. Train Lighting systems
Self Generation System
  End -ON-Generation System
   Mid-ON-Generation System
  Head -ON-Generation System