1. Chapter 14 Operation of Contracts

2. Contracts Involving Third Parties
14-2
Normally only the two parties to a contract have rights and duties under it.
Two important exceptions to this rule are:
When the purpose of a contract is to benefit a third party.
When rights or duties that arise from a contract are legally transferred to a third party.
Learning Outcome 14-1: Identify two instances in which a contract may involve third parties.
Page: 218

3. Rights of Third Parties
14-3
Rights of Third Parties
Third parties to a contract: Those who are in some way affected by it but who are not one of the parties to the contract.
Two ways in which third parties can be affected by a contract:
Third-party beneficiaries, or
Incidental beneficiaries.
Learning Outcome 14-2: Distinguish between a third-party beneficiary and an incidental beneficiary, and outline the rights of each.
Page: 218

4. Third-Party Beneficiaries and Incidental Beneficiaries
14-4
Third-party beneficiary to a contract: Has a legal right to the benefits resulting from the contract only if it is the intent of the contracting parties to benefit the third party.
Example: A life insurance policy
Learning Outcome 14-2: Distinguish between a third-party beneficiary and an incidental beneficiary, and outline the rights of each.
Page: 218

5. Third-Party Beneficiaries and Incidental Beneficiaries C9ont.)
14-5
Incidental beneficiary: One who may benefit as an indirect consequence of a contract, although that was not the intent of the contracting parties.
Example: A restaurant owner who would have incidentally benefited because of a new development project which was adjacent to her business.
Learning Outcome 14-2: Distinguish between a third-party beneficiary and an incidental beneficiary, and outline the rights of each.
Page: 218

6. 14-6
Assignment of Rights
Assignment: Change of contract where the law permits a party to a contract to assign rights, to transfer them to a third party and permit the third party to receive the benefits of the contract.
A party may transfer his or her rights by assignment
Assignor: The person who transfers his or her rights.
Assignee: The third party to whom the rights are transferred.
Learning Outcome 14-3: Interpret the legal concept of assignment of rights.
Page: 219

7. 14-7
Delegation of Duties
Delegation: The appointment of a third party to an existing contract to perform contractual duties.
A person can delegate his or her duties by delegation, subject to several restraints.
A person who agrees in a contract to perform a particular task may generally delegate this task to someone else but is still responsible for getting it done.
Learning Outcome 14-3: Interpret the legal concept of assignment of rights.
Page: 219

8. Example: Assignment of Rights
14-8
Example: Assignment of Rights
Facts:
Higgins agreed to conduct a workshop for Randall for $1,200.
Before conducting the workshop, Higgins assigned his right to the $1,200 to the Holiday Villa Motel, whom he owed $1,500.
When the workshop was finished, Randall paid the $1,200 to Holiday Villa instead of to Higgins.
Higgins is the assignor and Holiday Villa is the assignee.
Learning Outcome 14-3: Interpret the legal concept of assignment of rights.
Page: 219

9. Form and Notice of Assignment
14-9
Form and Notice of Assignment
An assignment may be either written or oral.
However, if the original contract is required to be in writing under the Statute of Frauds, the assignment also must be in writing.
Important assignments should be in writing, whether or not required by the Statute of Frauds.
A party to a contract will not be obligated by an assignment made by the other party without his or her knowledge until notified.
Learning Outcome 14-3: Interpret the legal concept of assignment of rights.
Page: 219

10. Rights That May Be Transferred
14-10
Rights That May Be Transferred
Most rights are assignable, except in cases in which the obligations of the parties would be significantly altered.
Usually contracts for personal services are neither assignable nor delegable.
Learning Outcome 14-3: Interpret the legal concept of assignment of rights.
Page: 220

11. The Assignor’s Guaranty
14-11
The Assignor’s Guaranty
Guarantor: The assignor of a contract right; one who guarantees the promises assigned.
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) states, “No delegation of performance relieves the party delegating of any duty to perform or any liability for breach.”
Learning Outcome 14-3: Interpret the legal concept of assignment of rights.
Page: 220

12. Contracts That May Not Be Assigned
14-12
Three types of contracts may not be assigned:
Contracts that include assignment restrictions.
Contracts for which assignments are prohibited by law or public policy.
Contracts that require personal services.
Learning Outcome 14-4: Identify three types of contracts that may be assigned by a court of law.
Page: 221

13. Contracts That May Not Be Assigned (cont.)
14-13
Contracts that Include assignment restrictions.
When parties to a contract include in the contract itself a specific provision forbidding assignment, both parties are prevented from assigning their rights or delegating their duties.
Learning Outcome 14-4: Identify three types of contracts that may be assigned by a court of law.
Page: 221

14. Contracts That May Not Be Assigned (cont.)
14-14
Contracts for which assignments are prohibited by law or public policy.
Example: Members of the armed services are prohibited from assigning their pay, and many state and local governments prohibit the assignment of salaries of public officials.
Learning Outcome 14-4: Identify three types of contracts that may be assigned by a court of law.
Page: 221

15. Contracts That May Not Be Assigned (cont.)
14-15
Contracts that require personal services.
Personal-service contract: One in which services that require a unique skill, talent, and/or ability provided by a specific person.
In such a case, the party who hires the specific person to perform certain duties has a substantial interest in having only the hired person perform.
Personal-service contracts may not be assigned.
Learning Outcome 14-4: Identify three types of contracts that may be assigned by a court of law.
Page: 221

16. Example: Contracts That Require Personal Services
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Example: Contracts That Require Personal Services
Facts:
Janik hired Papandreau, an inspirational speaker, to address her salespeople.
Papandreau canceled her appearance but offered to send her brother to speak in her place.
Janik refused the offer, claiming that Papandreau was well known and the salespeople were expecting her unique inspirational message.
Should this case reach a courtroom, a court would find in favor of Janik.
Learning Outcome 14-4: Identify three types of contracts that may be assigned by a court of law.
Page: 221

17. 14-17
Delegation of Duties
Delegation of Duties: A party’s duties can be transferred to a third party if the duties do not involve unique skills or abilities.
Employment contracts may be assigned if there is no relationship of trust or confidence, or any other circumstance that would create a materially greater burden on the party whose services are being assigned.
Learning Outcome 14-5: Explain the legal concept of delegation of duties.
Page: 221

18. Assignment and Delegation by Law
14-18
Rights or duties under a contract are assigned to the administrator or executor of the estate.
All rights to the collection of money, to demands for performance, and to the sale or purchase of real or personal property are assigned by law immediately upon the party’s death.
Learning Outcome 14-6: Provide examples of contracts that may be assigned by a court of law.
Page: 221

19. Assignment and Delegation by Law (cont.)
14-19
Bankruptcy of a Contracting Party:
The laws dealing with bankruptcy provide that the assets and contracts of a bankrupt (person or business be assigned to the trustee in bankruptcy.
The trustee is then empowered to sell the assets and exercise contract rights for the benefit of the creditors of the bankrupt person or firm.
Learning Outcome 14-6: Provide examples of contracts that may be assigned by a court of law.
Page: 223
Essentials of Business Law
Chapter 13-19

20. 14-20
Novation
When all parties to a contract agree to a significant change in the contract, the change is called a novation.
Such a change creates a new contract.
A novation differs from an assignment in the following ways:
A novation requires mutual consent of all parties (the original parties to the agreement and any new third parties) just as does a new contract.
A novation transfers all rights and obligations in a contract.
Learning Outcome 14-7: Discuss novation and how it differs from assignment.
Page: 223

21. Novation Novation example :
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Novation
Novation example :
Fortesi and Yellen enter into a contract in which Fortesi agrees to build a garage on Yellen’s property.
Later they and Zink agree that Zink will perform Fortesi’s obligations, with Yellen expressly releasing Fortesi from the original contract.
This is a novation, and Fortesi’s obligations are now discharged.
Learning Outcome 14-7: Discuss novation and how it differs from assignment.
Page: 223