1. Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon based molecules
Bonding
Covalent (share valence e-)
All Nonmetals
Made of carbon, hydrogen and other
nonmetals like sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen etc.

2. Carbon Based Molecules
Carbon Atoms Form the “Backbone”
Carbon has 4 valence and needs 4 more
ALWAYS forms 4 bonds
Bonds can be single, double or triple
Due to variety and number
of bonds carbon can form
you can have an enormous
number of combinations

3. Properties of Organic Compounds

4. Melting Point Temp. Relatively Low MP (compared to ionic, metallic)
MP depends on strength of IMF
Non-polar molecules: (Lowest MP)
Have VDW attractions (weak)
Larger NP molecules have higher MP than smaller
Polar molecules: (Slightly Higher MP)
Dipole-dipole attractions or H-bonding
Molecules held together more

6. Solubility Polar molecules: soluble in polar solvents like water
Nonpolar molecules:
soluble in nonpolar solvents like hexane
Look for:
Symmetry = nonpolar
Assymmetry = polar

7. Conductivity in Solution
Organic Molecules usually DO NOT ionize
don’t conduct in solution
NONELECTROLYTES
Important Exception: ORGANIC ACIDS
Ex: CH3COOH

8. Also… Organic Molecules: Undergo combustion in the presence of oxygen
Slow rates of reaction due to complexity of bonds (often catalyst needed)
Breakdown/decompose at low temperature compared to other compounds

9. Formula Writing and Drawing Molecules

10. Types of Formulas
Molecular
Empirical
Structural
Condensed Structural

11. Organic Prefixes (Table P)
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec
Indicate how many carbon atoms are in the entire molecule
You will only see molecules with a max of 10 carbons

12. Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons (Table Q)
Have unique general “formula”
Each member of the series differs by one
carbon and a certain # of hydrogen

13. General Formula: CnH2n+2
Alkanes
General Formula: CnH2n+2
All single bonds between carbon atoms
Name ends in “ane”
SATURATED hydrocarbons
(holding as many hydrogen atoms as possible)

15. Alkenes General Formula: CnH2n One double carbon to carbon bond
*Address needed for bond location
Name ends in “ene”
UNSATURATED hydrocarbons
(not totally filled with hydrogen)

17. General Formula: CnH2n-2
Alkynes
General Formula: CnH2n-2
One triple carbon to carbon bond
*Address needed for bond location
Name ends in “yne”
UNSATURATED hydrocarbons
(not totally filled with hydrogen)

19. dienes, diynes etc… Have multiple double or triple bonds.
Give the address for each multiple bond.
End of name becomes “-diene…or –triene”
Use prefix “di/tri/tetra/penta” etc…if more than one of the same thing on the chain.

20. Branching Hydrocarbons
Have hydrocarbon “branches” off the main carbon chain.
Called “alkyl” groups

21. Naming Branched Hydrocarbons
Find longest continuous carbon chain and name it (parent chain)
Find address of each branch
Count carbons in each branch
Name branches using prefix ending in “yl”
Ex: 2 carbon branch would be an “ethyl” branch.
Note:
If more than one of the same type of branch use
“di”, “tri”, “tetra” etc…instead of repeating the name

24. Isomers Same molecular formulas, but different structural formulas.
Atoms in the molecule have a different arrangement.
The more atoms the larger the number of possible isomers

26. Cyclical Hydrocarbons
Form rings
Start with “cyclo-”

27. Benzene Series Benzene Series:
6 carbon ring with alternating double bonds.
Electrons in double bonds “resonate” between bond sites giving more strength to all the bonds
Branches and functional groups are often attached to the ring
Ortho/Meta/Para locations

30. Organic Functional Groups Reference Table R

31. Halides Contain one or more halogen atoms.
Fluoro / chloro / bromo / iodo prefix
Use address
Use di, tri, tetra if more than one of same

33. Alcohols Have one or more “Hydroxyl” groups (-OH) Use address
Name ends in “-ol”
If more than one (–OH), name ends in “diol”, or “triol”
Important Example: Glycerol or 1, 2, 3 propantriol

34. Types of Alcohols Primary Secondary Tertiary

35. Aldehydes Carbon double bonded to oxygen at end
of a carbon chain (“carbonyl” group)
ADDRESS NOT NEEDED (always at end!)
End in “–al”

37. Ketones
Carbon double bonded to oxygen in middle of a carbon chain (“carbonyl” group)
Use address
End in “-one”

38. Ethers Oxygen atom within carbon chain
Count carbon atoms on either side of oxygen and name them like “alkyl” branches.
“Butterflies” with belly buttons

40. Organic Acids
At the end of the carbon chain is a “carboxyl” group containing two oxygen atoms.
ADDRESS NOT NEEDED (always at end!)
End in “-oic acid”
Has an acidic hydrogen that ionizes so these are ELECTROLYTES

41. Esters
Within the chain, there is an oxygen atom that is next to a carbon double bonded to oxygen
Use oxygen inside of chain as middle point. (Sorta like an “ether” belly button)
Name both sides around the oxygen atom
Side with carbon “Alkyl” branch, ends in “yl”
Side with the double bonded oxygen ends in “oate”

42. Amines Have an “amine” group containing nitrogen. Use address
Ends in “-amine”
Important Example: Amino Acid

43. Amides
Also have a nitrogen atom, but it is next to a carbon double bonded to oxygen.
End in “amide”.

44. Organic Reactions

45. Combustion Burning or oxidation of a hydrocarbon. Needs O2
Produces CO2 and H2O
Always EXOTHERMIC
If not enough O2 present, you can get “incomplete” combustion resulting in carbon monoxide (CO) and soot (C).

46. Fermentation Makes ALCOHOL!!!
Sugar is metabolized by yeast enzymes to make ethanol and CO2

47. Substitution Happens with ALKANES
One hydrogen atom comes off and is “substituted” for another atom.
Results in TWO products
Ex: Halogen Substitution

48. Addition ALKENES and ALKYNES. Add atoms without removing hydrogen
Double or triple bond “opens up”
Two atoms “add on” for each broken bond
Results in ONE product.
Ex:
Halogen Addition
Hydrogenation

50. Polymerization Joining together of many individual “monomers” to
make a “polymer”.
Ex: Synthetic Polymers
Nylon
Rayon
Polyethelene
Polystyrene (styrofoam)
Polyester
Ex: Natural Polymers
DNA/RNA
Starch, Cellulose
Proteins

51. Types of Polymerization
Condensation Polymerization
Remove water to join monomers
Ex: Amino Acids joining to make “peptide” bonds
Addition Polymerization
Open up double/triple bonds to join monomers
Happens to alkenes/alkynes

52. Cracking Breaking of long hydrocarbon chains into smaller ones.
Often used on long chain hydrocarbons found in petroleum to make them into more usable fuels.
Usually involves a catalyst

53. Fractional Distillation
Separation of a petroleum mixture by differences in Boiling Point temperature.
Most compounds in petroleum are non-polar hydrocarbons.
Larger chains = stronger VDW = higher BP
Smaller chains = weaker VDW = lower BP

54. ***Esterification***
Dehydration synthesis (water is removed to join molecules)
Alcohol + Organic Acid Ester + Water
Ester molecules often have nice odors
Fats are a type of ester made of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

56. Saponification (Making Soap)
Soap molecules are long molecules that are nonpolar at one end and polar at the other end.
Can bring oil and water together
Ester + Base Soap + Glycerol