1. Chemistry of Life
Organic Chemistry

2. The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
The Chemistry of Carbon
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3. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and hydrogen – Example: Carbon dioxide CO₂
All living things contain carbon.
Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen – Example: Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆
Carbon has 4 valence electrons (forms covalent bonds) single, double or triple
Carbon

4. Ethane (single bond)
Ethene (double bond)
Ethyne (triple bond)
Carbon

5. Examples of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids/fats
Enzymes
Carbon-based polymers
Salts
Minerals and simple elements
Water
Ionic compounds
Compounds without carbon & hydrogen
Examples of Organic and Inorganic Compounds

6. Many of the molecules in living cells are very large and known as macromolecules
Most macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization through which large compounds are built
The smaller units or monomers join together to form polymers.
Polymers are formed by dehydration synthesis because water is given off.
Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis because water is added.
Macromolecules

7. Types of Organic Compounds
4 main types of organic compounds are:
Carbohydrates – known as sugars, polar molecules, most dissolve in water
Lipids – fats, nonpolar, do not dissolve in water
Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA
Proteins – amino acids, muscles, enzymes and hair
Types of Organic Compounds

8. Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of
1 : 2 : 1
Example: glucose
Carbohydrates
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9. Carbohydrates They are used for energy (glucose – made in plants)
and structure (cellulose – found in the cell walls of plants)
The building blocks of a carbohydrate is a simple sugar called monosaccharides
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Carbohydrates

10. 3 Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one simple sugar. Examples are glucose, fructose(fruit sugar), galactose(milk sugar)
The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. Plants use this during photosynthesis
3 Types of Carbohydrates

11. 3 Types of Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two simple sugars joined by a saccharide bond.
Examples are sucrose(table sugar), lactose(milk sugar), and maltose (malt beverage sugar)
Polysaccharide: three or more monosaccharides combined.
Examples are cellulose(cell walls), chitin (exoskeleton), glycogen (stores glucose in liver cells), starch (stores glucose in roots of plants)
3 Types of Carbohydrates

12. 3 Types of Carbohydrates
Structure of starch and cellulose (polysaccharides) u4
3 Types of Carbohydrates

13. Isomers Isomers have the same elements, but are arranged differently.
An example of and isomer is glucose and fructose.
Isomers

14. Lipids Lipids are fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but have fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates
Building blocks are glycerol and three fatty acids.
Lipids

15. Lipids are used for protection, cushion, structure, insulation, and energy storage.
Fats
Saturated contains the maximum amount of hydrogens – solid at room temperature – animal fats
Unsaturated does not contain maximum amounts of hydrogen so double bonds exists – liquids at room temperature- oils

16. Lipids

17. Phospholipids make up cell membranes
Consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group
Steroids contain a 4-ringed backbone
Examples: cholesterol and steroids (hormones)

18. Waxes – used to form waterproof coverings on leaves, skin, or fur
Example: beeswax, ear wax
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Lipids

19. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (sulfur is found in two amino acids)
The building blocks of protein are amino acids held together by a peptide bond.
Proteins

20. Function in immunity, building structures, hormones, enzymes, transporting substances
Examples of proteins are antibodies, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and hair.
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Proteins

21. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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22. Nucleotides consist of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar (Carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen)
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine for DNA and adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil for RNA
Nucleic Acids
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23. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information.
Examples:
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Nucleic Acids
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24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKMwL rbYyJ0
Nucleic Acids

25. Chemical reaction is the process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.
Reactants are substances that go into a chemical reaction.
Products are substances that result from a chemical reaction.
Reactants and products are separated in a chemical reaction by a yield sign. →
Chemical Reactions

26. Activation Energy
Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the activation energy.
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will occur only with a source of energy. The peak of each graph represents the energy needed for the reaction to go forward. The difference between this required energy and the energy of the reactants is the activation energy.
Enzymes
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27. Enzymes
Some chemical reactions that make life possible are too slow or have activation energies.
These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts which speed up the rate of a reaction.
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28. Enzymes are made of proteins that act as biological catalysts
Enzymes are made of proteins that act as biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells.
Enzymes act by lowering activation energies, which has a dramatic effect on how quickly reactions are completed.
Enzymes

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30. Enzymes Enzymes are not broken down. They are recycled. End in –ase.
Enzymes can catabolize (breakdown) or anabolize (build up) molecules.
Enzymes

31. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates – substance changed by the enzyme.
The substrate binds to a site on the enzyme known as the active site.
The fit is so precise the active site and substrate are often compared to a lock & key.
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32. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Enzymes can be affected by any variable that influences a chemical reaction.
pH values
Changes in temperature
Enzyme or substrate concentrations
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33. Classify as Organic or Inorganic
NaCl, table salt
Pure spring water
Muscle tissue made of protein
Bread made of carbohydrates & fats
amylase, digestive enzyme
zinc, trace element
Potassium chloride, table salt substitute
Cellulose, carbohydrate polymer
Classify as Organic or Inorganic