1. Lesson 1: Organic Chemistry

2. Hydrocarbons Crash course
Nomenclature Crash course
(functional groups)
Alkenes and alkynes Crash course

3. Properties of Organic compounds
Section 1A
Properties of
Organic compounds

4. Are compounds containing the element carbon…
Organic compounds
Are compounds containing the element carbon…
Propane

5. …that bond to one another to form chains, rings, and networks.
Organic compounds
…that bond to one another to form chains, rings, and networks.
Propane

6. …that bond to one another to form chains, rings, and networks.
Organic compounds
…that bond to one another to form chains, rings, and networks.
Iso-butane

7. …that bond to one another to form chains, rings, and networks.
Organic compounds
…that bond to one another to form chains, rings, and networks.
Benzene

8. Organic compounds
Notice that carbon forms the skeleton of the molecule

9. Organic compounds usually have C in front of their formulas
C4H10
C6H6
Iso-butane
C3H8
Propane
C6H6
Benzene

10. A Carbon atom always forms a total of four bonds with other atoms.
This creates
a characteristic shape:
Double bond 1 1 4 4
Methane
CH4 2 3 3 2 1 4 3 2
Tetrahedral
shape
ethene
C2H4

11. ( big and sticky forces)
Organic compounds usually form…
Covalent bonds with nonpolar molecules
They are usually Gases, liquids OR waxy solids with low melting points
Remember?
Weak London IM forces
( big and sticky forces)

12. Organics are usually Not soluble in water (oily or waxy) un-likes don’t dissolve

13. Organics are usually Non-electrolytes
(except acids-COOH … which are weak)
Acetic acid
HC2H3O2
CH3COOH(aq)

14. Many organic reactions require a catalyst.
Usually have Slow reactions
With high activation energies
Many organic reactions require a catalyst.

15. Hydrocarbons are the simplest:
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons are the simplest:
contain only carbon and hydrogen.

16. Clues: Molecular? All gainers/nonmetals Molecular? nonpolar nonpolar
Nonpolar – weak IM forces
Combustion is combining with Oxygen?
So it contains C and H?

17. What rule does carbon follow when bonding?
Carbon always forms how many bonds?

18. Homologous series
Section B

19. Organics are sometimes grouped by Homologous series:
1 carbon
Methane
2 carbons
ethane
3 carbons
propane
4 carbons
butane
Series of compounds with similar structures

20. Homologous series: Members vary by adding more carbons to the chain
Methane
2 carbons
ethane
3 carbons
propane
4 carbons
butane
Members vary by adding more carbons to the chain

21. Homologous series: Will have similar properties
1 carbon
Methane
2 carbons
ethane
3 carbons
propane
4 carbons
butane
Will have similar properties
Properties vary slightly from one member to the next

22. Homologous series:
1 carbon
Methane
2 carbons
ethane
3 carbons
propane
4 carbons
butane
These are in the series of hydrocarbons called the ALKANES

23. Both are useful as fuels
3 carbons
propane
4 carbons
butane
Both are useful as fuels

24. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
Members differ by 1 C and 2 H’s: CH2

25. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
Members differ by 1 C and 2 H’s: CH2

26. Homologous series: ALKANES
Contain all single bonds between carbon atoms in the chain.

27. Series 1: The Alkanes

28. Homologous series: ALKANES
have the general formula CnH2n+2 where “n” equals the number of carbon atoms in the chain.

29. Homologous series: ALKANES
member’s names always ends in “ane”.

30. Homologous series: ALKANES
The number of carbons in the chain determines the prefix to put in front of the name ending.

31. Homologous series: ALKANES
CnH2(n) + 2
C4H10
C4H2(4) + 2
But
ane
4 C’s = But-

32. C1H4 = CH4 methane
C2H ethane
C3H propane
C4H butane
Etc.

33. CH4 methane
C2H ethane
C3H propane

34. M-ust
E-very
PR-efect
B-e
PE-rfect
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent

35. pentane Pent = 5 C ane = alkane CnH2n+2 C5H2(5)+2 C5H12
Reference table Q shows the general formula and structure for the series tested on the regents exam.
Pent = 5 C
ane = alkane
CnH2n+2
C5H2(5)+2
C5H12

36. pentane
Pent = 5 C
ane = alkane
CnH2n+2
C5H2(5)+2
C5H12

37. Ethane
Propane
C3H8
C2H6
C2H2(2)+2 H H H C C H H H
Heptane
C7H16

38. So what is the name of this compound?
A “methyl” group
Address: #2 Carbon
C4H10
propane
So what is the name of this compound?
It has the same formula as butane
But it has a different structure
2-methyl propane
Its an Isomer
(I-som-er)

39. ISOMERS Compounds that have the same molecular formula
C4H10
Compounds that have the
same molecular formula
but have a different structure.

40. ISOMERS Isomers will have different physical and chemical properties.

41. ISOMERS
C4H10
Also, the greater the number of carbons in a chain, the more isomers possible.

42. ISOMERS
C4H10
Two isomers of butane

43. Three isomers of pentane
n-pentane
Di-methyl
propane
Three isomers of pentane
Methyl
butane

44. IUPAC RULES FOR NAMING COMPOUNDS
Name the longest carbon chain.
Number the carbons in the chain so side groups can be “addressed”: (direction uses lowest whole numbers possible)
Determine the names of side groups.
carbon groups start with a prefix, then add “yl”.
if more than one of the same side group appears, prefixes telling the number of side groups are used (di, tri, tetra, etc.).

45. 1. Name the Longest Carbon Chain:
3 C’s so it is a Propane.

46. 2. Number the Longest Carbon chain for identifying bond location3 1 3 2 1
2. Number the Longest Carbon chain
for identifying bond location
Propane

47. 3. Group Comes Off 2nd Carbon so its address is 2-.OR 2 3 1 3 2 1
3. Group Comes Off 2nd Carbon so its address is 2-. 2-
Propane

48. 4. Side Group has 1 Carbon so it is “Methyl” group so . . .2
4. Side Group has 1 Carbon so it is “Methyl” group so . . . 2-
Methyl
Propane

49. 2-methyl propane
(it is an isomer of butane).

50. TRY THESE:
n-PENTANE
“normal” pentane

51. TRY THESE: Count and name the longest chain.1 2 3
What side groups and their addresses?
2, 2
DIMETHYL
PROPANE

52. TRY THESE: Still 2,2 dimethyl propane1 2 3
Notice: you could number the chain vertically?
Still 2,2 dimethyl propane

53. Name this:
A chain of 4 C’s?

54. Name this:

55. Name this:

58. Hint: move a carbon from the end to the middle of the chain
Make a 4 carbon chain with a 1 carbon group: “methyl butane”

59. Un-Saturated compounds
Section C

60. SATURATED COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons containing only single carbon-carbon bonds – (have all “bond sites” occupied)
the members of the alkane series.
Butane is saturated with hydrogen

61. Unsaturated = are missing H’s from the chain
Has a double bond between C atoms
Missing H’s here
C3H6
Prop-
ene

62. Unsaturated = are missing H’s from the chain
These are all unsaturated
Can you spot the empty bond sites?

63. UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons containing double and/or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
Involves two or three shared pairs of electrons between carbon atoms.
Members of the alkene and alkyne series.
When naming unsaturated hydrocarbons, the placement of the double or triple bond must be identified.

64. Homologous series: ALKENES
Contain one double bond between carbon atoms in the chain.
Have the general formula CnH2n.
Member’s names always ends in “ene”.
First member is ethene.
C2H4

65. Homologous series: ALKYNES
Contain one triple bond between carbon atoms in the chain.
Have the general formula CnH2n–2.
Member’s names always ends in “yne”.
Number address of triple bond.
First member is ethyne.
C2H2

66. 1 propene 1 butyne 2 butyne Name These Compounds: 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

67. Name this:
5 carbon chain?
Double bond b/t 2nd and 3rd C?

68. Name this: ↑
Is this
the 5th
or 2nd
carbon?

69. Name this:

70. One more:

80. Hint: draw it and see if you need a
double or triple bond
so each C has four bonds

81. Hint: see above hint