1. Zilong Ye, Ph.D. zye5@calstatela.edu
Internet of things
Zilong Ye, Ph.D.

2. What is Internet of things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity—that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
The Internet of Things (IoT) definition.

3. Characteristics of iot
Intelligence
Knowledge extraction from a large dataset collected by billions of objects
Complex system
A diverse set of dynamically changing objects
Size considerations
Scalability
Time considerations
Billions of parallel and simultaneous events
Space considerations
Localization
Everything as a service
Consuming resources as a service

4. Enabling technologies
RFID to smallest enabling technologies, such as chips, etc.

5. Composed of one or more readers and tags
rfid
The reduction in terms of size, weight, energy consumption, and cost of the radio takes us to a new era
– This allows us to integrate radios in almost all objects and thus, to add the world ‘‘anything” to the above vision which leads to the IoT concept
Composed of one or more readers and tags
RFID tag is a small microchip attached to an antenna
Can be seen as one of the main, smallest
components of IoT, that collects data

6. Wireless Technologies
Zigbee
6LoWPAN
Bluetooth
WiFi
Data rate
~250Kbps
~200Kbps
~3Mbps
~500Mbps
Range
~500m
~200m
~50m
~100m
Power
Low
Medium
High
Nodes
~65536
~100 ~7
2000
Zigbee
A complex Gateway for Zigbee to non-Zigbee
Range
6LoWPAN
WiFi
Bluetooth
Data rate

7. Iot applications
Smart Appliances
Wearable Tech
Healthcare

8. A classic IoT Architecture
Server
Smart Home
Or smart eHealth
Internet
(IPv6) GW
Remote User
6LoWPAN, Zigbee or Bluetooth
IoT devices are resource constraint, unable to directly connect to IP networks, so Gateway is needed to connect these devices to the server;
Server is needed for remote user to communicate with IoT devices behind Gateway, belongs to the category of hole punching technology;

9. Lack of standardization Scalability
Open challenges in iot
Lack of standardization
Scalability
Addressing issues
Understanding the big data
Support for mobility
New network traffic pattern to handle
Security/Privacy issues

10. standardization
Several standardization efforts but not integrated in a comprehensive framework
Open Interconnect Consortium: Atmell, Dell, Intel, Samsung and Wind River
Industrial Internet Consortium: Intel, Cisco, GE, IBM
AllSeen Alliance: Led by Qualcomm, many others 21

11. scalability Number of devices increasing exponentially
How can they uniquely be tagged/named?
How can the data generated by these devices be managed?

12. Addressing issues
Incredibly high number of nodes, each of which will produce content that should be retrievable by any authorized user
This requires effective addressing policies
IPv4 protocol may already reached its limit. Alternatives?
IPv6 addressing has been proposed for low power wireless communication on nodes within the 6LoWPAN context
IPv6 addresses are expressed by means of 128 bits or10^38 addresses, enough to identify objects worth to be addressed
RFID tags use 64–96 bit identifiers, as standardized by EPC global, solutions to enable the addressing of RFID tags into IPv6 networks
Encapsulation of RFID message into an IPv6 packet.
Source: Atzori et al. (2010)

13. New network traffic
The characteristics of the smart objects traffic in the IoT is still not known
Important basis for the design of the network infrastructures and protocols
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) traffic characterization
Strongly depend on the application scenario
Problems arise when WSNs become part of the overall Internet
The Internet will be traversed by a large amount of data generated by sensor networks deployed for heterogeneous purposes extremely different traffic characteristics
Required to devise good solutions for supporting quality of service

14. security The components spend most of the time unattended
It is easy to physically attack them
IoT components are characterized by low capabilities in terms of both energy and computing resources
They can’t implement complex schemes supporting security
Authentication problem
Proxy attack, a.k.a. man in the middle attack problem
Data integrity
Data should not be modified without the system detecting it
Attacks on the node
Memory protec1on
Attacks over the network
Keyed-­‐Hash Message Auth. Code

15. privacy How is it different than traditional privacy?
Legislative issues
Ethics issues
Easy for a person to get involved in IoT even if he/she does not know
Data can be stored indefinitely
Current solutions are not enough
Encryption, pseudo noise signal, privacy broker

16. Iot applications Smart home Smart e-healthcare
Cyber transportation system
Environmental research
Other applicatons

17. Smart Home Temperature monitoring and control;
Smart metering, including reading and control;
Light or heat control;
Smoke or water leakage detection;
Windows, doors;

18. Smart Home Application 1
The sensor realize that the temperature outside is much higher than the room, it will trigger to close the window and put on the curtain so that the room could be cool. (inside smart home M2M)

19. Smart Home Application 2
The sensor realize that it is getting dark outside, it will trigger to put on the curtain in order to provide the privacy. (inside smart home M2M)

20. Smart Home Application 3
When go to bed, the user can turn off the light, lock the door, and wake up the security alarm using their smart phone (inside home control);

21. Smart Home Application 4
When raining, the user can remotely close the window and turn off the scheduled watering at yard, using their smart phone. (remote control)

22. Smart Home Application Prototype
Collector, e.g., light sensor
Actuator, e.g., lamp
Smart Phone
Gateway Router
Main components:
Remote user: smart phone or pc;
Collector: collect data, such as temperature, light, electricity, power, smoke or water;
Actuator: control devices, such as AC, heater, lamp, alarm or other on/off operation;
Main workflows:
Remote reading: smart phone can read light value from multiple (mobile) sensor;
Remote control: smart phone can lighten the lamp;
M2M communication: if the sensed data is below some threshold, the light sensor can trigger the lamp to be on;

23. Smart Home Challenges Security; Interoperability;
User’s information and privacy is the most important concern;
Interoperability;
Heterogeneous device;
Device to device;
Device to outside world;
Unreliable wireless communication;

24. Biomedical Data Learning & Analysis
smart e-healthcare
Emergency
Contact
Emergency
Physician
Client
Biomedical Data Learning & Analysis
Police

25. Smart eHealth Prototype
Doctors and family
Patient with wearable devices
Gateway router
Monitoring system
IoT computing server
Alert system
Main components:
Patient: use fitbit or other body sensors;
Monitor system: 1) collect data; 2) send alert to patients and doctors and family when necessary;
Doctors and family: read data from monitoring system, and provide prescription or assistance to the patient;
Main workflows:
Monitor read data from mobile fitbit device;
Monitor send alert to doctors, family and patient;
Doctor and family read data from monitor or directly from patient;
Doctor and family send prescription to patient;

26. Smart e-Health Characteristic: Benefits: Challenges:
Both pull and push traffic;
Benefits:
Route on name rather than IP, which can easily bind smart devices of a given client;
Multiple access to the same data;
Caching can help save bandwidth;
Challenges:
Privacy;
Real-time; (patients may not have time or energy to call the emergency by themselves)

27. Cyber Transport System

28. Cyber Transport System
Applications:
Real-time traffic monitoring;
On-road video delivery;
Safe driving; (alert to the appropriate vehicle cluster)
Benefits:
Names can be easily aggregated based on location information;
Caches can be used for multiple access to the same data (traffic data or video);

29. Cyber Transportation system
Vehicle control: Airplanes, automobiles, autonomous vehicles
All kinds of sensors to provide accurate, redundant view of the world
Several processors in cars (Engine control, break system, airbag deployment system, windshield wiper, door locks, entertainment system, etc.)
Actuation is maintaining control of the vehicle
Very light timing constraints and requirements enforced by the platforms

30. Cyber transportation system
A network of sensors in a vehicle can interact with its surroundings to provide informa1on
Local roads, weather and traffic conditions to the car driver
Adaptive drive systems to respond accordingly
Automatic activation of braking systems or speed control via fuel management systems.
Condition and event detection sensors can activate systems to maintain driver and passenger comfort and safety through the use of airbags and seatbelt
Sensors for fatigue and mood monitoring based on driving conditions, driver behavior and facial indicators
Ensuring safe driving by activating warning systems or directly controlling the vehicle

31. RFID Track and Trace I want: amazon/computers/ipad/#1/
I want: amazon/books/Harry Porter
#1/lego/toys/amazon
Harry Porter/books/amazon
#1/ipad/computers/amazon
I want: amazon/toys/lego/#1

32. RFID Track and Trace Characteristic: Benefits:
Both pull and push (publish/subscribe) traffic;
Benefits:
Handle billions of RFID tags
Suitable for resource-constrained devices, e.g., RFID tags, because of (1) routing based on name instead of complicated routing protocol; (2) cached data can be reused so that RFID do not need to respond frequently;
Cache enables an easy way for multiple access to the trace data by both provider and user, so it can help save bandwidth;
Other IoT use cases: library management, lost-found, market map and other RFID positioning;

33. Air Condition (pm2.5) Monitor

34. Air Condition (pm2.5) Monitor
Benefits:
Handle billions of small sensors;
One Interest retrieves multiple Data for calculating average value;
Routing based on names;
Cache can be used for other institutes to access the same data, so that save bandwidth;
Suitable for energy-constraint devices, because (1) caching allows the sensors to reply only a few Interest request; (2) do not need complicated protocol;

35. Google Wallet or Apple Watch